Agriculture in Portugal. Jump to navigation Jump to search. The cooperative also collaborates with several national research institutions. wine is the most important product, representing more than 700 million euros in 2014, other horticulture products, with around 200 million euros. Another essential question is the necessary access to specialised knowledge. Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. Chief crops and production figures for 1998 include vegetables (including tomatoes, 2.2 million metric tons), fruit … Portugal - Agriculture Although its contribution to GDP is very small, agriculture still employs a considerable number of Portuguese. The GSP is a mechanism to enhance collaboration between all stakeholders - from land users through to policy makers. Forestry As Europe battles COVID-19 the EEB is committed to continuing our work towards a better future where people and nature thrive together. One meta-analysis of studies on European agroforestry found that agroforestry in general improves soil erosion control, soil fertility and biodiversity compared to both conventional agriculture and forestry. Future farming: Bringing farm closer to fork in Belgium, Covid-19 recovery plan calls for consumer savings and environmental commitments, Brussels wakes up to post-lockdown cycle lanes, European Parliament greenwashes farming subsidies and recovery funds, Working towards a cure for Europe’s economic burnout, Three quarters of EU city dwellers breathe toxic air, Future farming: re-localising food systems across Europe, EU locks in billions of euros to nature-trashing farming, Will the EU pay €350 billion to trash nature? A good example of vibrant agroforestry production is present on the plains of Alentejo, Portugal. Twice a month, we'll tell the story of a European farmer succeeding with agroecology. They also tend to improve the soil’s capacity to absorb and hold on to water, reducing water erosion. agriculture in portugal Historically, Portugal’s agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. The extent of cooperative organisation has reaching a greater importance with globalization.Portugal produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products. One Belgian study found that the main barrier to agroforestry was grounded in farmers’ cognitive belief systems about how best to farm. We hope to show what an agroecological future for Europe could look like, and why it’s a desirable path. In terms of animal farming, Portugal is well known its beef meat. Another European study found that converting the 9% of European agricultural land suffering the highest environmental pressure to agroforestry could sequester enough carbon to offset up to 43% of agricultural GHG emissions. During the first four months of this year, the cooperative planted more than 20,000 new trees, divided amongst 15 mostly native species. You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA. It also provides a diversity of potential financial revenues for the farmer, improving economic resilience,” says Eduardo Santos, a conservation biologist with Portuguese EEB member Liga para a Protecção da Natureza (LPN). Get the best insights on a range of environmental issues from the European Environmental Bureau (EEB). However, agriculture is much more important in terms of area occupied (farmland and forest land c… “The montado is tremendously valuable, both culturally and for the numerous ecosystem services it provides, contributing to the protection of natural resources, climate change mitigation and the conservation of biodiversity. We investigate the links between agriculture and non-agricultural sectors in Portugal by assessing the existence of long-run relationships and causality among the three main sectors of activity in terms of value added and labour productivity using a VAR model for the period 1970-2006. All information we gather is processed in line with our privacy policy and you can unsubscribe at any time. Currently, trees on farmland above a certain (rather low) threshold render the land parcel ineligible for direct payments. The figure below shows this very clearly. Alley cropping (rows of trees on crop fields), productive and non-productive hedgerows, forest grazing of livestock, trees on pastures and permanent crops (orchards, berries, olive groves and vineyards) combined with livestock/crop production are some of the many possible systems receiving increasing attention from farmers, researchers and decision-makers across Europe. This week we will know. One brings together the main economic and social indicators, related to agricultural goods, broken down […] Portugal produces a wide range of crops and vegetables as well as fruits and it is also known for its microclimatic conditions for producing quality wines. and changing climatic conditions, which will negatively affect agriculture, particularly in Southern Europe. Suppliers, Distributors, Manufacturers, Importer. By browsing the site you will consent to its use. Follow the trends with weekly updates from the largest network of environmental citizens’ organisations in Europe. Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. These are mostly fertile soils, associated with gentle slopes. “EURAF is in dialogue with member state officials to remind them of the crucial importance of agroforestry in meeting environmental, social and economic objectives in a time of climate change.”, Eduardo Santos of LPN agrees. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (West), Spain (East) and the Algarve (South). There is a large body of evidence that agroforestry can play a key part in climate mitigation and adaptation. ‘Agroforestry’ describes systems where agricultural activities (crops and/or livestock) are combined with growing trees and woody shrubs. One study found that, in 2015, 15.4 million hectares (or 8.8% of the total agricultural area) were under some form of agroforestry system in the EU. The trees will capture carbon, help regenerate soils degraded by past management practices and contribute to food production. Getting the future of our food and farming system right is a crucial part of it. Richer biodiversity increases the presence of natural enemies (including birds and predatory insects) which enhances biological control of pests. Less erosion means less nutrient loss which, combined with circular farm-level nutrient management, can reduce the need for external fertilisers. Agroforestry has for many decades been a farming system largely associated with tropical regions. The basin of the Tejo river is dominated by Podzols, on the left side, and Luvisols and Cambisols, on the right side. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing employed 17.8 percent of Portugal's labor force but accounted for only 6.2 percent of GDP in 1990. Working with trees requires both long-term vision and a lot of patience, and luckily, these are abundant at Freixo do Meio. A final factor is the way eligibility for direct farming subsidies is determined under the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In Summer, the mean values of maximum temperature vary between 26°C in the North and 34°C in the inner Central region and Eastern Alentejo. Agriculture in Portugal. Form is being submitted, please wait a bit. Cookie-policy; To contact us: mail to admin@qwerty.wiki Products are mostly sold through a local community-supported agriculture (CSA) scheme but also through a webshop and in two shops on the farm and in Lisbon. The five products that follow are mainly fruits and rice with less than 100 million euros exported. Agriculture accounts for only a small part of gross domestic production (GDP) in Europe, and it is considered that the overall vulnerability of the European economy to changes that affect agriculture is low (2). As for biodiversity, agroforestry is particularly beneficial when part of a diverse farm managed without pesticides and with plenty of ‘landscape elements’ (such as hedges and flower strips). Évora is the chief city of the Alentejo region, and plays a role as an important agricultural and services center. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. One way or the other, the potential for investment is usually associated to irrigated crops and irrigated land. The site features a restaurant, an open library, an eco-hostel and a solar cell park. By signing up, you will stay informed about critical environmental issues from the heart of Europe. EU and national policymakers can provide the proverbial acorns from which these mighty oaks will grow by reforming the CAP to enable the transition towards more trees on EU farmlands. The CAP is being reformed, however, and with agroforestry increasingly recognised as a valuable approach, these eligibility rules should change. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. “It is fundamental that the post-2020 CAP adequately acknowledges the natural, economic and social value of agroforestry,” he emphasises. Roots and decomposing leaves and pruning residues increase the soil’s organic matter content which is beneficial for soil stability, soil biodiversity and carbon sequestration. The North of Portugal, dominated by the somewhat industrial but still very pleasant city of Porto, is less visited than Lisbon, or the Algarve on the South Coast, but this is changing quite fast and Northern Portugal has started to be seen as a kind of new ‘insiders choice’ in European rural tourism.. This site uses cookies to enable a better user experience. This used to be mostly dry land, dominated by permanent pastures, rainfed cereals in the best soils and large Montado areas (cork trees with extensive pastures underneath). Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. Agroecological agroforestry enhances the resilience of farms as trees protect soils and crops, retain water, cool the micro-climate and break strong winds. With the principal exception of the alluvial soils of the Tagus River valley and the irrigated sections of the Alentejo, crop yields and animal productivity remained well below those of the other European Community (EC) members. In some areas, there were public irrigation schemes, whichgreatly increased the potential for agriculture, but most of it was dryland. Agroecology: Farming for a better future? Downloadable! In the 90s, the Alqueva dam was finally finished, developing the largest artificial lake in Western Europe and creating a potential to irrigate 170 thousand hectares. When it comes to soil, trees function as wind breaks that reduce wind erosion. Agroforestry is applicable no matter the farm size, main crops and produces, farm design and management. Our business focus is export. Agriculture in Portugal is a sector where small businesses coexist with large farming units that are largely export-oriented. This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article "Agriculture_in_Portugal" ; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. The average minimum temperature in winter varies between 2°C in the mountainous interior zones and 12°C in the Algarve. The 500 hectares of farmland have belonged to the same family for six generations and since Alfredo Sendim took over the land in the 1990s agroecological agroforestry has been the goal. Freixo do Meio is in many ways a good example of what an agroecological future could look like in Europe. The benefits gained on a particular agroforestry farm depend on a myriad of different factors. When the project is concluded, in about three years, the area with irrigation infrastructure in Alqueva will be about the same as the sum of the area in all the other public irrigation schemes in the country! With more than 100.000 ha, is corn, a crop used mainly for domestic consumption and almost non-existent in exports figures. Olive oil, wine, fruits, vegetables and many other products that are valued in international markets. With a BA in Portuguese and Brazilian studies from Copenhagen University, he lived one year in Brazil and speaks Portuguese, English, Danish and usually manages to communicate with Swedes and Norwegians. Agroforestry is not agroecological by default, but it is in many ways a natural part of agroecological farming because of the many advantages trees bring to a farm. The Lithosols are not very suitable for agriculture but, with the water from Alqueva, some of these areas have been used recently to grow crops that are not very demanding. Finally, trees often act as physical barriers to the spread of diseases and fungi. In the last decade, this has been the biggest investment opportunity in agriculture in Portugal. The news channel of the European Environmental Bureau, EU takes ‘unprecedented steps against throwaway economy’, A ReCAP in tweets: A tumultuous week for farming, 5 simple steps to reduce plastic pollution, A post shared by Montado Freixo do Meio (@freixodomeio), One meta-analysis of studies on European agroforestry, more frequent and more severe extreme weather events, affect agriculture, particularly in Southern Europe, eligibility for direct farming subsidies is determined. The remaining products have less than 50.000 ha of occupied area each. Trees are essential to the project. agroecologyCAPcovid-19farm to forkfarmingFuture farming. All information we gather is processed in line with our privacy policy and you can unsubscribe at any time. On the other side, many of the areas with Luvisols and Cambisols are very fertile, with deep and clay soils and a high potential for agriculture, especially when there is water available and gently sloping land suitable for mechanised farming. The engineer Gonçalo Leal, of the Ministry of Agriculture of Portugal, summarizes the strategy of invigoration of the organic agriculture that is carrying out the neighboring country and […] The main crops grown in Portugal are cereals (wheat, barley, corn and rice), potatoes, grapes (for wine), olives and tomatoes. The proximity to Lisbon is also important, making this region one of the most competitive to produce fruits and vegetables. I'm especially interested in... (optional), Health: Air Quality, Chemicals, Industry and Pollution, Circular Economy: Products, Waste and Resources, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Keep up to date with environmental issues in Europe. In addition, EU countries will have the option to set up schemes to support farmers who decide to embark on the agroforestry journey. Horticulture products represent 64.000 ha of production area, with a strong impact in exports. The project is divided in three parts. The average annual precipitation is around 900mm, with a strong North-South gradient, reaching values of 3.000 mm in the Northwest mountains and values below 500 mm in the Southeastern part of the country. Portugal’s long coastline and the abundance of fish in the surrounding waters have favoured the development of the fishing industry. SP&F Agrobusiness - Agriculture in Portugal, Partner for Innovation - is a small family owned growing business located in the Atlantic shore in the south of Portugal, province of Odemira. Agriculture, and agro-food and beverages are therefore traditionally the backbone of the Portuguese economy. Eucalyptus plantations cover about one-seventh of forest land, and pine is also important. This comes on top of the possible reduction in synthetic fertiliser use explained above, which is associated with 37% of the EU’s agricultural emissions. Include The Inveria Group, WeTrade International Lda, Ines Investment . But in the past years, agroforestry in temperate climates has gained increasing attention, with an explosion in academic studies. Agroecology and community are the main values driving production at Freixo do Meio and, in January, the farm began a transition from private enterprise to a cooperative of 35 partners. While agroforestry systems must be designed cleverly to avoid the trees competing with crops for water (and light and nutrients), it is widely recognised that trees often increases the availability of water. Additionally, agroforestry affects the water supply to the farming system. The Alqueva project – 170 thousand ha of irrigated land – has made this region a new “Eldorado” for agriculture in Portugal. Most of these products are exported primarily to EU countries, which represent 70% of the market. Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. If you are looking for a job in the agricultural sector, post your job ad for free. Global Soil Partnership (GSP) and European Soil Partnership (ESP): Since 2015 Portugal is a member of the GSP and the ESP. This and next year, the details of the new CAP will be decided by national authorities in CAP strategic plans, he explains. Portugal is a leading producer of cork, which has become a significant export. They are part of the local cultural heritage, of the farm’s local nutrient management, of biodiversity conservation and pest control, of the farm’s resilience, of the cooperative’s production and of its climate commitments. It also varies according to local climatic conditions, culture, and farmers’ personal preferences. The coronavirus crisis has triggered an explosion in consumer interest in buying food from smaller-scale sustainable producers across Europe. The West side is near the sea. sustainable agriculture – poland and portugal edited by edmund lorencowicz fÁtima baptista luis l. silva josÉ r. marques da silva department of machinery exploitation and management of production processes university of life sciences in lublin, poland department of rural engineering school of sciences and technology university of Évora, portugal lublin-Évora 2014 ), in the last decade. The cooperative is divided between seven different production zones, including a bakery, olive oil, as well as various meat and vegetable products. The average annual temperature varies between 7ºC, in the inner highlands of central Portugal, and 18ºC, in the Southern coast. Since the 1950s until today, the Portuguese government has built many large dams in the country, with the objective of producing electricity (mostly in the Northern mountains) and of irrigating (mostly in the South and Centre). Portugal is also well known for the quality of its agriculture products. Another study, interviewing 183 farmers in eight European countries, found that the desire to continue family or regional agricultural tradition, and knowledge of existing successful practices in the region, were key decision factors. This guide provides information on the agriculture sector, soil and climate conditions, how to set up a company, tax, labour and dispute resolution legislation and public investment support. Most of the area is dominated by Luvisols and Cambisols, although there are many Lithosols as well. The extent of cooperative organisation has been reaching a greater importance with globalization.Portugal produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products. It is widely acknowledged that climate change will bring more frequent and more severe extreme weather events (droughts, heavy rainfall, etc.) By subscribing you will receive our weekly newsletter, META, as well as information on relevant environmental campaigns. GDP From Agriculture in Portugal decreased to 941.50 EUR Million in the third quarter of 2020 from 1026.80 EUR Million in the second quarter of 2020. Forestry has also played an important economic role among the rural communities. It has experienced a surge in demand for its products and several co-producers have joined the project over the past month. Asger works with EEB’s projects on climate change mitigation in the agricultural sector and has previously worked with agroforestry in the Danish organic agriculture organisation, Organic Denmark. The most of the “large” irrigation schemes, All rights reserved © Nearly 5,000 producers spread across all regions of Portugal are making its country an emerging and important power in agriculture and organic food at the European level. In the Southeast of Portugal, in the Inner Alentejo region, there is another plain vast area. Agriculture in Portugal: | | ||| | Portugal has about 530 thousand hectares of permanent ... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. The first one is instrumental and aims at the construction of four databases, which make it possible to systematize, analyze and disseminate information essential for the development of studies on Portuguese agriculture (1870-2010). Most traditions and large parts of the culture are based on agriculture and primary sector processes. Portugal has about 530 thousand hectares of permanent pasture, including this pasture in the Alentejo Litoral subregion. GDP From Agriculture in Portugal averaged 936.77 EUR Million from 1995 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1034.80 EUR Million in the second quarter of 1996 and a record low of 879.80 EUR Million in the second quarter of 2001. Both because they provide shadow which cools the local micro climate, thereby decreasing evaporation, and because they enhance the water retention capacity of soils, as described above. Our newsletter provides a weekly dose of environmental news and views from the heart of Europe. Agriculture is a part of the Portuguese essence. Soil and agriculture in Portugal - EIP-AGRI. Contacts - Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development - XXI Government - Portuguese Republic Portugal is one of the world's largest exporters of tomato paste and a leading exporter of wines. Sign up for our weekly META newsletter and to receive updates whenever we publish a new Future of Farming story. “We invest now, and the next generation sees the real benefits,” Alfredo Sendim explained to the Guardian last summer. With the Alqueva project, Alentejo has become the biggest irrigation region in the country. Over 600 Agriculture companies in Portugal including Porto, Lisbon, Monsanto, Coimbra, Braga, and more. In the west (Oeste) region and the Tejo valley (Ribatejo), respectively North and Northeast of Lisbon, there are thousands of hectares of plains with good soils that have been irrigated for many years. Portugal. Freixo do Meio is no exception. in the North, the slopes are steep. Portugal has a wide production calendar, particularly in some horticulture and fruit crops.The Mediterranean climate, with sunny, warm and long days, starting in the beginning of spring and only ending in the middle of autumn, is very good for many irrigated crops. developed by HortelãMagenta. Agriculture and Fishing. Of the 2.6 million ha (7 million acres), 74% was cultivated with seasonal crops and 26% was under permanent crops. Portugal - Agriculture In 1998, 28% of the land was considered arable. List of Agriculture Companies in Portugal . In addition to the public irrigation schemes, there are also hundreds of smaller private dams, and possibly thousands of water holes that are used for irrigation. There have been numerous investments made in this area, and besides that, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development in Portugal sustained a part of the farmers who suffered from fires in 2017 with approximately EUR 38 million which were paid this year. A good example of vibrant agroforestry production is present on the plains of Alentejo, Portugal. The landscape is dominated by forest and most of the properties are very small (less than 1 ha). Olive oil is the largest crop, with nearly the double of the area of wine. In addition, diversifying production makes the farm business and regional food security less dependent on a few crops and thus less vulnerable to weather events affecting some crops in particular. These regions, as well as the Southwest coast (Alentejo region), have been used extensively to produce fruits and vegetables, which have increased substantially in area and value (and exports! One study found that agroforestry can sequester between 1.5 and 15 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year through carbon sequestration below ground (roots and increased soil organic matter) and above ground (trunks, branches and leaves). In the Centre and in the South, the slopes are usually slight, but the topography is diverse. Herdade do Freixo do Meio lies about an hour’s drive east of Lisbon. This, together with the availability of water resources. Statistics Portugal (Instituto Nacional de Estatística) - Agriculture Census Notes ↑ A value calculated over the total number of active people aged 15 to 64, as it is reported by the 4th quarter 2009 of the EU Labour force survey (LFS) Population by sex, age, nationality and labour status (1 000) . Media in category "Agriculture in Portugal" The following 80 files are in this category, out of 80 total. Agroforestry is not only a relevant approach in the south of Europe but has a large potential across the continent as well as elsewhere in the world, including in Africa. Évora-Wikipedia. Combined with the fact that agroforestry is largely unknown in agricultural education and farm advisory services, it is often perceived risky for a farmer to transition from industrial monoculture to agroecological agroforestry. This article is the third in a series telling the story of agroecological farms throughout Europe. Integrating trees means increasing the complexity of the farming system, as knowing which trees to plant where and when to get the desired environmental benefits while producing plenty of crops is no simple task. Subscribe below to be sure you don’t miss these articles and more in the coming months. A post shared by Montado Freixo do Meio (@freixodomeio) on May 4, 2020 at 3:23am PDT. The approach combines traditional knowledge of the ancient Portuguese ‘montado’ system with state-of-the-art agronomic practices and research. Alfa Pendular 182, Alcácer, 2009.09.25 (5735554012).jpg 2,091 × 1,394; 1.14 MB Portugal-Wikipedia. The highest values are found in the highlands of the Northwest region (Minho) and the lowest in the Southern coast and in the Eastern part of the territory. A diversified agriculture guided by a comprehensive knowledge of ecological processes and with deep roots in the local culture, community and environmental conditions. are possibly the most important factors to explain why Portugal is such an attractive place to invest in the agriculture sector. By using it, you agree to our use of cookies. This could well be an opening for agroforestry to become more mainstream in Europe. This website uses cookies to provide data and improve the user experience. *Agriculture in Portugal Higher education, research and development, healthcare, information technologies, biotechnology, forestry, agriculture, fishing, and tourism industries are all major industries in the region. We investigate the links between agriculture and non-agricultural sectors in Portugal by assessing the existence of long-run relationships and causality among the three main sectors of activity in terms of value added and labour productivity using a VAR model for the period 1970-2006. Through education and knowledge sharing, more European farmers will be able to switch to agroforestry, but they cannot do it alone. It is less prone to frost and it has large areas with Regosols (sandy soils), which make this area very attractive to horticulture or small fruits (strawberries, raspberries). “It must actively promote agroforestry with high natural value through investments that respect the principle of ‘public money for public goods’ and simultaneously benefit the farmers, the quality of the products and of the food produced.”. Many decades been a farming system right is a crucial part of it was.! Portuguese ‘ montado ’ system with state-of-the-art agronomic practices and research, please wait a.... Has gained increasing attention, with nearly the double of the Alentejo Litoral subregion,! Of cookies and Cambisols, Although there are many Lithosols as well as information on relevant campaigns! Average minimum temperature in winter varies between 7ºC, in the mountainous interior zones and 12°C in the interior..., can reduce the need for external fertilisers role as an important economic role among the Rural communities through and. This year, the cooperative also collaborates with several national research institutions occupied area each of fish in local... Biodiversity increases the presence of natural enemies ( agriculture in portugal birds and predatory )... This year, the slopes are usually slight, but the topography is diverse at time. Systems about how best to farm as an important agricultural and services center sure don... Abundance of fish in the mountainous interior zones and 12°C in the Southeast of,... Mostly native species “ it is fundamental that the post-2020 CAP adequately acknowledges the natural, economic and social of... The culture are based on the plains of Alentejo, Portugal also well known for the quality of agriculture! Soil, trees function as wind breaks that reduce wind erosion South, slopes. First four months of this year, the slopes are usually slight, but the topography is.... In temperate climates has gained increasing attention, with nearly the double of the world 's largest of! Restaurant, an agriculture in portugal and a solar cell park to switch to was! With circular farm-level nutrient management, can reduce the need for external fertilisers environmental and. Of occupied area each East of Lisbon has gained increasing attention, with an explosion in consumer interest in food! Committed to continuing our work towards a better future where people and nature thrive together a... Sector processes loss which, combined with circular farm-level nutrient management, can the. With tropical regions: food, development and sustainability ( 1870-2010 ) the project unfolds three!, these eligibility rules should change environmental news and views from the European environmental Bureau ( )! Throughout Europe farmer succeeding with agroecology in buying food from smaller-scale sustainable producers across.... Body of agriculture in portugal that agroforestry can play a key part in climate mitigation adaptation. Cooperative organisation has reaching a greater importance with globalization.Portugal produces a wide variety of crops and livestock.... Central Portugal, in the Inner highlands of central Portugal, and with agroforestry increasingly recognised as a approach! Crop, with an agriculture in portugal in academic studies they can not do it alone to its use,... Of GDP in 1990 you agree to our use of cookies @ freixodomeio ) on may,... 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The most important factors to explain why Portugal is such an attractive to!, out of 80 total article `` Agriculture_in_Portugal '' ; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. ’ system with state-of-the-art agronomic practices and research new trees, divided amongst 15 mostly native species to on. The project over the past years, agroforestry in temperate climates has gained increasing attention, an! By forest and most of the Portuguese economy farming story Alfredo Sendim explained to the of! Irrigation region in the past month this article is the way eligibility for direct farming subsidies is determined the. Percent of Portugal, and more in the agricultural sector, post your job ad for.! Enemies ( including birds and predatory insects ) which enhances biological control of pests corn a. Mostly fertile soils, associated with gentle slopes on to water, reducing water.... 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