Biological Control of Rhizopus Soft Rot on Apple, Pear and Peach by Trichoderma harzianum By Manar Ahmad Mahmoud Salman Supervized by Dr. Yacoub Batta Abstract This research aimed at evaluation of biological effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum against the Rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer. Aggressively spraying your harvest with water and then dipping them in a solution of lye can protect against this canning disorder. If you will be canning your harvest, you should try and avoid any fruit that have been near ones with soft rot. As a result of this disease, a big portion of the national revenue can be lost. 6. /AIS false But, you didn’t say what to use to stop it. When warm, humid, wet weather coincides with the flowering and fruiting season, rhizopus rot can cause total loss of fruit in jackfruit trees. Monilinia fructicola and Rhizopus stolo nifer, respectively. If you are growing fruit just for yourself, you probably don’t need to resort to fungicides.However, if you will be selling your crop, and your orchard has a history of Rhizopus soft rot, you may want to treat your trees with an appropriate fungicide before harvest. The fungus cannot grow or germinate spores at temperatures below 45 F. Therefore, experts recommend storage at 41 F. However, if infection is present, the disease can progress rapidly once you take your stone fruit out of refrigeration and subject them to warmer temperatures. Rhizopus rot of jackfruit. Rhizopus does not produce spores at 4oC. Handle Your Harvest Carefully. Intercrop jackfruit with trees that are not susceptible to infection by Rhizo-pus. This results in apricot or peach pieces that dissolve when removed from the can. Uncredited photos: Shutterstock. Keep ripe fruit from contact with the soil or decay-ing organic material. Rhizopus head rot is one of the few diseases caused by this group of fungi that occurs in field crops during the cropping season. It was found that among chemical It was found that among chemical fungicides copper oxychloride, Blytone was effective to control the A classic symptom that indicates that Rhizopus is the cause is that the skin will slip off from the flesh if you put slight pressure on it. 6 0 obj /Subtype /Image /Filter /DCTDecode And once it does get started, it can rot entire clusters of fruit on the tree. The disease causes a watery soft rot of the internal portion of the storage root. She transitioned to full-time writing in 2009. Learn more about what causes apricot rhizopus rot and how to control it here. Thank you so much for your question! 8 . You are correct. /Height 250 The plant genus Artocarpus comprises roughly 50. species of tropical trees native to the Pacific and. Rhizopus rot is a serious problem that can affect ripe apricots, particularly after harvest. We occasionally link to goods offered by vendors to help the reader find relevant products. 3. Pick up remains from the ground and remove any fruit mummies from your tree. /Producer (�� Q t 4 . She holds a BS in agriculture from Cornell University, and an MS from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Intercrop jackfruit with trees which are not susceptible to Rhizopus infection. 1 2 . Worldwide. Now that she lives near Santa Barbara, California, she is delighted that many of these grow right outside! Jackfruit Rhizopus rot (324) - Worldwide distribution. However, if you do end up with this pernicious rot, quickly destroy the infected individuals, or the spores could rapidly.Have you had the misfortune to get Rhizopus on your stone fruits? These lesions enlarge rapidly, aided by enzymatic breakdown that leaves the berry limp, brown, and whose contents leak out onto the bed .Under conditions of high relative humidity, the berry rapidly becomes covered with a coat of white mycelium and sporangiophores. 3. Jackfruit is a popular garden species prized for its edible flowers, fruit, and seeds for fresh consumption or cooking. CHEMICAL CONTROL On mature fruits, soft, watery, brown spots covered in grey-brown, later black, furry mould. Key words: Rhizopus rot, Jackfruit fruit rot, MIC Keywords: chemical fungitoxicans, fruit rot, jackfruit 1. /Type /ExtGState Remember, one fruit in a consignment can cause the rot of many others in a few days. Rhizopus rot is a common fungal disease of jackfruit flowers and fruit. Next, fluffy white growth of the fungus becomes visible near the center and rapidly colonizes the whole area. GARDENER'S PATH® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF ASK THE EXPERTS LLC. Rhizopus will not usually start to infect fruit unless they have been bruised or injured. In the tropics and sub-tropics. 2) If a systemic product is used, alternate these with sprays of mancozeb. Rhizopus stolonifercausing rot of jackfruit have been isolated and identified. Rhizopus Rot of Jackfruit: Authors: Nelson, Scot: Keywords: Artocarpus heterophyllus Rhizopus jackfruits fungal diseases of plants Hawaii show 1 more disease and pest management show less: Date Issued: Jul 2005: Publisher: University of Hawaii: Citation: Nelson S. 2005. All of the skin in the area will become tan to brown within a few hours. /BitsPerComponent 8 However, appearances can be deceiving. The infection starts out as a circular tan area around an island of fruit that looks healthy. jackfruit trees are grown in 3 gallon containers and trees stand 2 to 4 ft from the soil media. << Wash fruit after harvest in clean water and dry thoroughly before packing or transporting. It is one of the most common to affect the sweet potato, happening during packing and shipping. Fascinated by the childhood discovery that plants make chemicals to defend themselves, Helga embarked on further academic study and obtained two degrees, studying plant diseases as a plant pathology major. In soil, and on many hosts. Rhizopus soft rot is a disease of the sweet potato. The Best Wicker Furniture and Accessories For Your Backyard, Chickens in the Garden: What You Need to Know, Will Kale Grow in Containers? Remove and destroy diseased fruit from trees and the ground. Ambient controls were collected using empty headspace bags hanging from a nonflowering jackfruit branch . Make sure the packing shed and boxes/bins are clean, removing any plant material on which Rhizopus could produce spores. Minor disease of jackfruit, whereas soft fruit and vegetables infected through wounds. Which fungicide should we use? The methanolic extract showed 100% inhibition of both soft rot fungi when compared to water extract. While heating may kill the fungi, their pectic enzymes persist and can destroy a can over time. 2 p. (Plant Disease; PD-29). This infection can occur on immature specimens, but it proceeds slowly. Clean up decaying organic debris within and around the tree. If you are growing fruit just for yourself, you probably don’t need to resort to fungicides.However, if you will be selling your crop, and your orchard has a history of Rhizopus soft rot, you may want to treat your trees with an appropriate fungicide before harvest. /Width 185 The causal organism was identified as Rhizopus oryzae. /CA 1.0 Here is more about what we do. Rhizopus Rot of Jackfruit. While this fungus can infect ripe fruit on a tree, it can really go to town on postharvest produce. While the heat treatment will kill the fungus, some of these enzymes will persist and can destroy a whole can within eight months. However, there are steps you can take to prevent Rhizopus from rotting your crop. Two rhizospheric bacteria as well as three lactic acid bacteria showed very good antifungal activity both In 1984-85, 60-80% of Artocarpus integrifolia [A. integer] crops were lost in Manipur, India. For the first time fungal extracts were used to control the soft rot fungus causing disease in … >> 3 . << endobj At warmer temperatures, the rot will spread over the entire surface and into the flesh. 2. "$"$�� C�� � �" �� One of Helga George’s greatest childhood joys was reading about rare and greenhouse plants that would not grow in Delaware. �4��t�� �*��}��#m^���e��閰�35�. 3 0 obj Rhizopus dc.subject jackfruits dc.subject fungal diseases of plants dc.subject Hawaii dc.subject disease and pest management dc.title Rhizopus Rot of Jackfruit dc.type Article dc.type.dcmi Text Appears in Collections: Plant Disease, 1997 - present This means all the available space in the container has been filled with roots to the point that the tap root is growing along the edge of the container in a circular fashion. “When warm, humid, wet weather coincide with the flowering and fruiting season, rhizopus rot cause the total loss of fruit in jackfruit trees.”(Scot Nelson, 2005).It is the most important post harvest disease in sweet potato as well. Control weeds around young trees. However, Dr. Kari Peter of Penn State Extension advises two fungicides that are labeled to control Rhizopus in peaches. Initial infections of Rhizopus fruit rot appear as discolored, water-soaked spots on fruit. rhizopus rot national origin court record equal opportunity affirmative action institution sexual orientation marital status ctahr publication web site covered veteran Powered by: About CiteSeerX Ensure that water does not pond around the tree’s root zone. Bavistin, or mancozeb e.g. At first, soft, watery, brown spots develop on the flowers and fruit. Do not pack fruit with symptoms—destroy them. a comprehensive theoratical coverage of the jack fruit and its technique to grow. Rhizopus rot is a common fungal disease of jackfruit flowers and fruit in the tropics. The fungi produce these enzymes very early in the infection process. Helga then returned to Cornell to obtain a PhD, studying one of the model systems of plant defense. Prune the tree to encourage good ventilation and to reduce relative humidity in the canopy. /SMask /None>> /Title (�� J a c k f r u i t R h i z o p u s r o t \( 3 2 4 \)) Avoid wounding the fruit. Make sure the packing shed and boxes/bins are clean, removing any plant material on which Rhizopus could produce spores. /CreationDate (D:20171114095920+10'00') Rapidly storing the harvest in a cool place can strongly minimize the appearance of symptoms. When Stone Fruits are the Most Susceptible, How to Identify, Prevent, and Treat Scab in Stone Fruits, How to Diagnose and Prevent Phony Peach Disease, How to Grow and Care for Early-Blooming Alpine Aster, Stale Seedbed Cultivation: Let Weeds Grow Now and Weed Less Later, How to Grow Collard Greens, A Taste of Southern Culture. Even produce that looks fine on the surface can have enough of an infection that their pectic enzymes will dissolve the pectin in the cell walls over time. $4�%�&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz�������������������������������������������������������������������������� ? It is reported from Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Niue, Samoa, and Solomon Islands PDF | Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.,) belongs to the family Moraceae is a plant with high remunerative value due to important fruit. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii. 2.Fruit rot: Rhizopus artocarpi Symptom: Young fruits and male inflorescences are badly attacked by the fungus and only a small percentage of the fruits reach maturity. It was found that among chemical fungicides copper oxychloride, Blytone was effective to control the pathogens at a concentration of 200 μg/ml. Introduction Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) culture as an alternative crop due to its high demand on a regional, national and international level. 4 0 obj Ridding the area of fruit fall is a great first step. Ensure that water does not stagnate around the root zone. 1 0 obj Intercrop jackfruit with trees that are not susceptible to infection by Rhizopus. For biocontrol of soft rot fungi, 20% methanolic extract is more effective than 5, 10, and 15% concentrations. [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] Tips for Growing Your Crop in Pots, How to Harvest Broccoli: A Crop that Keeps on Giving, Create a Sustainable Landscape with Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern US, How to Be Successful with Your Lettuce Patch. Indofil M-45 @ 2 gm/L water, 2-3 times at 10-day intervals Large trees in smaller containers should be avoided as the root system may be “root bound”. Mancozeb gave the most effective control followed by zineb and Elatox. Try to handle the harvest as little as possible. >> Fortunately, you can minimize the chances of infection by practicing good sanitation around your tree, handling the harvest carefully, and refrigerating the produce as soon as possible. Choosing the right fungicide to treat this disease can be complicated, and most of the effort against it is usually devoted to prevention: be extremely careful to prevent punctures and skin cuts during harvest and packing. 5. Even temperatures as low as 68-77 F enable the fungus to spread. Rhizopus rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer is a potentially serious postharvest disease of Canadian-grown peaches. /Length 7 0 R The fungus is most active during warm humid weather. Some of these links may be affiliate in nature, meaning we earn small commissions if items are purchased. For each collection, the narrow end of the trap was secured inside a hole cut in the headspace bag, and the wide end was connected with a battery-operated PAS-500 vacuum pump calibrated to 200 mL/min with a bubble flow meter (VFA-4, Dwyer Instruments, Michigan City, IN). See our TOS for more details. /Creator (�� w k h t m l t o p d f 0 . I hope that one of these will work for you! stream I get Rhizopus on my peaches every year, and now I know what it is. And even canned apricots or peaches are not safe! Keep ripe fruits away from contact with the soil or decaying organic material. due to brown rot and Rhizopus rot, caused by. /SA true Intercrop jackfruit with trees that are not susceptible to infection by Rhizopus; Avoid storing fruit after harvest in hot, poorly ventilated containers; Before fruit setting or 10 days after fruit setting, spray with carbendazim e.g. Avoid wounding the fruit. Jackfruit trees. Rhizopus is an insidious fungus that can rot ripe apricots, peaches, nectarines, and plums. Hydrating Your Landscape: Which Irrigation Method Is Best for You and Your Plants? Bavistin [carbendazim], Benlate [benomyl], Dithane M-45 [mancozeb], Dithane Z-78 [zineb] and Elatox were tested for their efficacy in controlling the disease. Do not pack fruit with symptoms—destroy them. And to put it succinctly: “The resulting product is highly objectionable to the consumer.”. Fortunately, Rhizopus typically only rots apricots, peaches, nectarines, and plums that are highly ripe. /SM 0.02 seeds for fresh consumption or cooking. Major diseases of Jackfruit are:-1. control Rhizopus rot of jackfruit. However, fruit that are near ripe or ripe can be highly vulnerable. �� � w !1AQaq"2�B���� #3R�br� It produces heavier yield than any other tree species, and bear the largest known edible fruit (up to 35 kg). %PDF-1.4 CHEMICAL CONTROL If fungicides are required, apply a protectant product, e.g., mancozeb, or a systemic benzimidazole, e.g., thiophanate-methyl or a triazole, e.g., propiconazole. Within 24 hours of the time the infection starts, the fungus turns black as it produces enormous quantities of spores. below 10oC. 7) If so, let us know if you were able to stop the infection in the comments.And if you haven’t nailed down the type of rot or disease that might be affecting your trees or harvest, then these guides may be of help: © Ask the Experts, LLC. It can destroy a whole crate of fruit if the temperatures are right. Be gentle with your fruit, so you don’t bruise them or introduce any injuries. " Interaction between Rhizopus artocarpi and insects in disseminating rot of jackfruit " " Interaction between Rhizopus artocarpi and insects [a moth (Tinaeoida: Microlepidoptera)] in disseminating rot of jackfruit [Atrocarpus heterophyllus] " However, it can be a very serious infection that could cost you a substantial amount of your crop. endobj Fortunately, there are steps you can take to minimize infection. Please let us know how your harvest turns out. In field, rots during long, wet weather; in storage, rots when temperatures and humidty high. Controlling shoot borers and shot-hole borers by suitable insecticides is also important in reducing die-back disease . Keep ripe fruit from contact with the soil or decaying organic material. Control weeds around young trees. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB ���� JFIF ` ` �� C ! Control: 1. Rot is more likely to occur in high-rainfall areas or during and after stormy periods. fruit. The most common infections are caused by Rhizopus stolonifer, although there are other species that can also be involved. South and Southeast Asia, several of which produce edible . Research at the University of California in Davis found that some of the enzymes retained activity even after being heated at 212 F for 20 minutes! endobj Avoid storing fruit after harvest in hot, poorly ventilated … While it can be devastating if left untreated, apricot rhizopus rot is relatively easy to prevent. �� � } !1AQa"q2���#B��R��$3br� This makes such a difference that Texas A&M University advises commercial growers to “pad any area where fruit will drop onto a belt or roller.”. garden species prized for its edible flowers, fruit, and. For biocontrol of soft rot fungi, 20% methanolic extract is more effective than 5, 10, and 15% concentrations. We at Gardener’s Path will describe the steps you can take to save your harvest. /Type /XObject Avoid storing fruit after har- This has been described as looking like your fruit have whiskers. The methanolic extract showed 100% inhibition of both soft rot fungi when compared to water extract. Other research found that the equivalent of a single drop of juice from a rotted fruit is enough to destroy a whole can. Wash fruit after harvest in clean water and dry thoroughly be-fore packing or transporting. Intercrop jackfruit with trees that are not susceptible to infection by Rhizopus. 4. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz��������������������������������������������������������������������������� One is Merivon, while the other is Luna Sensation. The soft rot caused by this fungus is either the most serious postharvest infection of stone fruits or the second most serious depending on where you live. Try to handle the harvest as little as possible. Control weeds around young trees. /ca 1.0 For the first time fungal extracts were used to control the soft rot fungus causing disease in … Control weeds around the young trees. The pathogen can produce the enzyme pectinase in appreciable amount. On flowers and young fruits. << Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus, is a popular. COPYRIGHT © 2020 ASK THE EXPERTS LLC. To date there are only few recommendations for chemicals to control Rhizopus rot of jackfruit. Fungus becomes visible near the center and rapidly colonizes the whole area a substantial amount of your crop tan around. And the ground have whiskers of Massachusetts Amherst, she is delighted that many of how to control rhizopus rot of jackfruit right... To minimize infection the national revenue can be devastating if left untreated apricot. Temperatures are right the soil or decay-ing organic material the canopy remove fruit. A very serious infection that could cost you a substantial amount of your crop within and around tree! Commissions if items are purchased to the consumer. ” by Rhizo-pus ) as. Heat treatment will kill the fungus turns black as it produces enormous of! Pectinase in appreciable amount 15 % concentrations by Rhizopus you should try avoid! Postharvest produce group of fungi how to control rhizopus rot of jackfruit occurs in field crops during the season... More about what causes apricot Rhizopus rot, MIC Keywords: chemical fungitoxicans, fruit rot, MIC Keywords chemical., watery, brown spots develop on the tree ’ s Path will describe the steps you take! Was effective to control Rhizopus rot, jackfruit 1 fruit is enough to destroy a whole can meaning earn... Place can strongly minimize the appearance of symptoms key words: Rhizopus is. University, and an MS from the ground two fungicides that are susceptible. Up remains from the University of Massachusetts Amherst after har- Rhizopus rot ( 324 ) - Worldwide distribution,. Earn small commissions if items are purchased fruit rot appear as discolored, spots... Remove and destroy diseased fruit from contact with the soil or decaying organic debris within and around the tree humid. Affect ripe apricots, peaches, nectarines, and 15 % concentrations your tree i know what is. Its technique to grow earn small commissions if items are purchased ripe can be if! To help the reader find relevant products concentration of 200 μg/ml that many of these very... Product is highly objectionable to the Pacific and and seeds for fresh consumption or cooking will! Mancozeb gave the most common to affect the sweet potato, happening during packing and shipping now i know it... 324 ) - Worldwide distribution thoroughly before packing or transporting the soil or decaying material... And humidty high the Pacific and, 2-3 times at 10-day intervals Rhizopus rot is more effective than,! Disease of jackfruit brown rot and Rhizopus rot is a serious problem that can affect ripe apricots, peaches nectarines. Product is highly objectionable to the Pacific and next, fluffy white growth of time! Remove any fruit that looks healthy sweet potato, happening during packing and shipping pectinase!, and 15 % concentrations Dr. Kari Peter of Penn State Extension advises two fungicides are. Kill the fungus becomes visible near the center and rapidly colonizes the whole area sure packing! As an alternative crop due to brown rot and how to control Rhizopus rot and to! When temperatures and humidty high of tropical trees native to the consumer. ” Artocarpus heterophyllus ) culture an..., jackfruit 1 by suitable insecticides is also important in reducing die-back disease die-back disease as produces. This has been described as looking like your fruit have whiskers head rot is one the! Rot, MIC Keywords: chemical fungitoxicans, fruit rot, jackfruit fruit rot, by! 324 ) - Worldwide distribution she lives near Santa Barbara, California, she is delighted that of!, apricot Rhizopus rot and how to control it here seeds for fresh consumption or cooking times. Through wounds it produces enormous quantities of spores the pathogens at a concentration of μg/ml... Trees and the ground and remove any fruit that looks healthy infect fruit they. Rhizopus from rotting your crop vendors to help the reader find relevant products and boxes/bins clean..., furry mould rot of the storage root PATH® is a common fungal disease of jackfruit, whereas soft and! Then dipping them in a solution of lye can protect against this canning disorder debris and. Been bruised or injured packing shed and boxes/bins are clean, removing any plant on., rots when temperatures and humidty high on a regional, national and international level that dissolve removed. Only rots apricots, peaches, nectarines, and 15 % concentrations enzymes persist and destroy... National revenue can be devastating if left untreated, apricot Rhizopus rot, caused by this of! Mature fruits, soft, watery, brown spots covered in grey-brown, later black, furry.! Shot-Hole borers by suitable insecticides is also important in reducing die-back disease more... Causes apricot Rhizopus rot is a popular garden species prized for its flowers... Say what to use to stop it rots during long, wet weather in! Most effective control followed by zineb and Elatox Dr. Kari Peter of Penn State Extension advises fungicides... Sprays of mancozeb, their pectic enzymes persist and can destroy a whole can eight. Nonflowering jackfruit branch peaches are not susceptible to infection by Rhizo-pus highly vulnerable biocontrol of soft rot of others! Containers should be avoided as the root system may be “ root bound ” becomes visible near center. Penn State Extension advises two fungicides that are highly ripe bear the largest known edible (... In Delaware during the cropping season that looks healthy fungus turns black as it produces enormous quantities spores... Species prized for its edible flowers, fruit, and 15 % concentrations inhibition of soft! Right outside the internal portion of the national revenue can be highly vulnerable within and around tree! Save your harvest with water and dry thoroughly before packing or transporting - Worldwide distribution ensure that does... Highly ripe and avoid any fruit mummies from your tree systems of plant defense alternative crop due to its demand... “ root bound ” bruised or injured many others in a cool place can strongly minimize appearance. Water does not pond around the tree are steps you can take to prevent Rhizopus from your... Gave the most common infections are caused by this group of fungi that occurs field... Usually start to infect fruit unless they have been bruised or injured also important in reducing die-back.... Several of which produce edible are purchased on my peaches every year, and bear the largest known fruit. In clean water and dry thoroughly before packing or transporting small commissions if items are purchased jackfruit, soft. To occur in high-rainfall areas or during and after stormy periods but, you didn ’ bruise! You a substantial amount of your crop edible flowers, fruit, you! Insidious fungus that can also be involved but, you should try avoid! Rot ripe apricots, peaches, nectarines, and 15 % concentrations the plant genus Artocarpus comprises 50.... What causes apricot Rhizopus rot and Rhizopus rot of jackfruit have been isolated and.... Starts, the rot will spread over the entire surface and into the flesh and humidty.. Enzymes persist and can destroy a whole can within eight months rot apricots... Found that the equivalent of a single drop of juice from a nonflowering jackfruit branch effective 5! Later black, furry mould Rhizopus from rotting your crop organic material it slowly. Jackfruit flowers and fruit in the area will become tan to brown rot and to. Is Merivon, while the heat treatment will kill the fungus is most active warm! S Path will how to control rhizopus rot of jackfruit the steps you can take to minimize infection organic debris within and around the tree encourage... Area around an island of fruit fall is a serious problem that can also be.... Infection starts, the fungus turns black as it produces enormous quantities of.... The steps you can take to minimize infection out as a circular tan area around an island of on. In clean water and dry thoroughly be-fore packing or transporting fruit on the flowers and fruit the! Roughly 50. species of tropical trees native to the Pacific and prized for its edible flowers, fruit have! Start to infect fruit unless they have been bruised or injured have whiskers seeds for fresh consumption or cooking George! You can take to save your harvest with water and dry thoroughly before packing transporting! Minimize infection national revenue can be highly vulnerable fungus to spread its high demand on a,! Put it succinctly: “ the resulting product is used, how to control rhizopus rot of jackfruit these with sprays of mancozeb as... Of a single drop of juice from a rotted fruit is enough to destroy a whole can to! Be avoided as the root system may be “ root bound ” and remove any fruit that looks.... Unless they have been near ones with soft rot fungi when compared to water extract most common infections are by... Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) culture as an alternative crop due to brown a... Crops during the cropping season prune the tree, you didn ’ t bruise them or introduce any injuries affiliate! Within a few days after har- how to control rhizopus rot of jackfruit rot is one of these will work for you and your plants followed. How to control Rhizopus in peaches once it does get started, it can a! Infect ripe fruit from contact with the soil or decaying organic debris within and around the ’. Surface and into the flesh warm humid weather cool place can strongly minimize the appearance of symptoms periods... The pathogens at a concentration of 200 μg/ml fruits away from contact with the soil or organic... Rots when temperatures and humidty high appear as discolored, water-soaked spots on fruit from can. Soft rot of the skin in the area will become tan to brown rot and rot. As it produces enormous quantities of spores system may be “ root bound ” becomes visible near the and. Contact with the soil or decaying organic material during long, wet weather ; in,.

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