It was the centre of government and trade and had many churches and convents. Unusual Place Names in Jamaica. It was this set of freed slaves and their descendants who became known as the Maroons. SHARES. Initially, Columbus thought these Indians were hostile, as they attacked his men when they tried to land on the island. The first general elections under Universal Adult Suffrage was held in December 1944. The governors were not getting proper support from home and quarrels with church authorities undermined their control. Fewer than 50 immigrants surv i ved. Jamaica - Jamaica - The independent country: On August 6, 1962, Jamaica became independent with full dominion status within the Commonwealth, under a constitution that retained the British monarch as head of state. When full Emancipation came in 1838 a system that had been tried and tested in the Caribbean since the sixteenth century came to an end. In Jamaica, the Maroons occupied a mountainous region known as the "Cockpit," creating crude fortresses and a culture derived from African and European traditions. For some it was for adventure, some in search of wealth and opportunity and even some as punishment. Our history speaks to experiences of hardships and prosperity; and the growth and determination of a people. The only town that was developed was Spanish Town, the old capital of Jamaica, then called St. Jago de la Vega. The voyage was so named because the journey of a British slaver was 3-sided, starting from England with trade goods, to Africa where these were exchanged for slaves. More noble sea battles were also fought in Jamaican waters. The following year Jamaica joined the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It is surrounded by coastal plains, with sandy beaches and many natural bays. She has suffered earthquake, famine, pestilence, fire and death: and she has been the home of cruel merciless slavery, hardly second to that practised by the Spaniards themselves. The prehistory of Jamaica saw three separate waves of colonization by Amerindian peoples. On May 5, 1494 Christopher Columbus, the European explorer, who sailed west to get to the East Indies and came upon the region now called the West Indies, landed in Jamaica. The Arawaks were a mild and simple people by nature. Juliet Cuthbert-Flynn (centre), speaks with Kavia Bent, who gave birth to the first baby delivered on Christmas Day at the Spanish Town Hospital in St. Catherine, during a visit to institution on Friday (December 25). After the Spanish repelled this poorly executed attack, the English force then sailed for Jamaica, the only Spanish West Indies island that did not have new defensive works. Henry Morgan, Calico Jack Rackham, and his wife Anne Bonny were a few of the names that made Port Royal into the richest city of vice in the new world. In 1663 an expedition sailed from Jamaica to attack the Spanish town of Campeche, in Central America. Unable to find gold and other precious metals on Jamaica, the Spanish saw little use for the island and hardly resisted the invasion of British soldiers in 1655. – Howard Pyle, “Jamaica New and Old” in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, January 1890. However, the slave trade with Jamaica had commenced before this date. 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Jamaica is a large island in the Caribbean Sea. A distinction exists between Jamaican English and Jamaican Patois, though not entirely a sharp distinction so much as a gradual continuum between two extremes. Paul Bogle and George William Gordon, now National Heroes, were hanged. What Are The Damages That A Hurricane Can Cause? The Spanish also came without women and as of such, often the Taino women were raped by the settlers. Trading in African slaves was declared to be “utterly abolished, prohibited and declared to be unlawful”. While being the first constitution for the politically independent nation, it was not the first legal framework for the island…Read More,  Download The Architects of the Jamaican Constitution, Office: The cruelty of the enslavement and the comparatively small number of the slave masters, however, resulted in a history of rebellion and unrest as African Jamaicans fought the freedom to better their lot. As the 70th anniversary of the ship’s arrival nears, relations between the UK and its former colony are fraying, with the extent of the scandal’s human damage proving difficult to measure Many of them were successful in running away from the plantations and joining the Maroons in the almost inaccessible mountains. 1 (876) 926-3590-4 The sugar industry grew quickly in Jamaica -- in 1672 there were 70 plantations producing 772 tonnes of sugar per annum -- growing in the 1770s to over 680 plantations. How To: Protect Yourself In Case Of A Fire, 4 Financial Quotes to Increase Your Wealth, 6 Things You Need To Know Today – August 20, 2015, 6 Things You Need To Know Today – August 21, 2015, It Name Wat? Roads, bridges and railways (railways became government owned in 1845) were built and cable communication with Europe established (1859). In 1655, the British ended a failed attempt to steal Santo Domingo from Spain by stealing the one island they didn’t care about enough to protect.I’m sure even fellow Jamaicans are wondering where I’m going with this, but after hanging around way too many Spaniards – and dating two – I’ve noticed a few things.Ricardo, Daniel, Emilio, Leo, Adrian, and Ian are all common Jamaican names. From 1509 to 1655, what we know as Jamaica was called Santiago, a colony of Spain. On January 1, 1808 the Abolition Bill was passed. What Was Jamaica Like Under British Rule? 58a Half Way Tree Road, Kingston 10 Several slave rebellions stand out in Jamaica’s history for example, the Easter Rebellion of 1760 led by Tacky; and the Christmas Rebellion of 1831 which began on the Kensington Estate in St. James, led by Sam Sharpe. The Legend of Annie Palmer – The White Witch of Rose…, How Treasure Beach Is Building A Climate Conscious Community, 43 Jamaican Beaches – Owners, Descriptions, Tips and More. The Spaniards, when they came, tortured and killed the Arawaks to get their land. They were also joined by immigrants from the Middle East, primarily what is now Lebanon (although, in Jamaica, these residents are known as “Syrians.”) Jamaica has been an independent nation since 1962. Under the buccaneers’ leadership the town, within a decade and a half, grew to become known as one of the “wealthiest and wickedest city in the world”. The British military governor, concerned about the possibility of Spanish assaults, urged buccaneers to move to Jamaica, and the island’s ports soon became their safe havens; Port Royal, in particular, gained notoriety for its great wealth and lawlessness. She has had her experiences and has lived her life rapidly. They formed an anti slavery committee which was joined by supporters such as Granville Sharp, James Ramsay, Thomas Clarkson and later on, William Wilberforce. Though the gold the Spanish sought was never found, sugar became Jamaica’s—and Britain’s—prize commodity. Champs School Profile – Wolmer’s Boys & Girls, Champs School Profile – Vere Technical High School. Afterwards, the journey continued to the West Indies where the slaves were landed and sugar, rum and molasses taken aboard for the final leg of the journey back to England. Jamaica’s history has been poetically composed by Howard Pyle, who states: Jamaica, like many another of the West Indian Islands, is like a woman with a history. Port Royal became an important naval base in the eighteenth century. Port Royal prior to this time was an insignificant town in Jamaica. The Jamaican Constitution 1962 is the most fundamental legal document in the country, guaranteeing the freedom, rights and privileges of every Jamaican citizen. However, the Spanish repulsed this poorly-executed attack, known as the Siege of Santo Domingo, and the English troops were soon decimated by disease. Other factors included the work of humanitarians who were concerned about the slaves’ well-being. The process was aided by the introduction of European diseases to which the Arawaks had little or no resistance. Humanitarian groups such as the Quakers publicly protested against slavery and the slave trade. Morgan died in 1688. Carrying an elaborate feudal commission that made him perpetual governor of all lands discovered and gave him a percentage of all trade conducted, Columbus set sail in September 1492, determined to find a faster, shorter way to China and Japan. He started out as a pirate and later became a privateer. Jamaica now has its own constitution which sets out the laws by which the people are governed. The 1930s saw Jamaica heading towards another crisis. Harvesting sugar cane requires a lot of manpower, more than the British could supply themselves. The next year 1,200 settlers from Surinam came to Jamaica … For example, the distress caused by a world-wide economic depression, the ruin of the banana industry by the Panama industry Disease, falling sugar prices, growing unemployment aggravated by the curtailment of migration opportunities and a steeply rising population growth rate. Are You Prepared In Case There Is An Earthquake? This occurred on his second voyage to the West Indies.  In the early days of the colony, piracy flourished. The immediate post slavery days were very difficult for the poorer classes. The succeeding years saw the island’s recovery and development – social, constitutional and economic, and its evolution into a sovereign state. The survivors of the earthquake who re-settled in Kingston abandoned the Port. In 1958, Jamaica and ten (10) other Caribbean countries formed the Federation of the West Indies. In return they were to stop fighting and help to recapture run-away slaves. Robert Jackson Chin (Chin Pa-kung), opened a wholesale house on downtown Kingston’s Pechon Street (Desnoes and Geddes b uilding in there now). Jamaica recently celebrated its 53rd anniversary of independence from Britain on August 6. Later, when yellow fever broke out in Panama, Chinese workers demanded to leave the country, and Panamanian authorities sent them to Jamaica – because of the close geographical proximity. By 1700 Jamaica was awash with sugar plantations and Jamaica's population was comprised of 7,000 English to 40,000 slaves. Today, we take a brief look back on what Jamaica was like from the mid-1600s to 1962, when the country gained independence. The greatest buccaneer captain of all was Henry Morgan. The English settlers concerned themselves with growing crops that could easily be sold in England. The original inhabitants of Jamaica are believed to be the Arawaks, also called Tainos. The constitution provides for the freedom, equality and justice for all who dwell in the country. The slave trade became a popular and profitable venture for the colonists. With the English came a period of sprawling and prosperous sugarcane plantations and piracy. © Copyright 2018 Gleaner Company Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Their numbers grew with each runaway slave, and the Spanish began to fear their power. These individuals ended up in Jamaica for a variety of reasons. Both Sir Alexander Bustamante and Norman Manley were instrumental in Jamaica’s move towards self-government. They arrived in ships in exchange for Jamaican labourers. Bent was presented with a gift basket containing personal care items, courtesy of LASCO Limited. Having failed to capture the bigger island, and fearing Cromwell’s wrath, the men turned their fleet toward the relatively unprotected Jamaica. In some books you may see them being referred to as the “Arawaks”. Jamaican English tends to follow British English spelling conventions. Other countries have taken centuries to grow from their primitive life through the flower and fruit of prosperity into the seed time of picturesque decrepitude. They grew cassava, sweet potatoes, maize (corn), fruits, vegetables, cotton and tobacco. The will of the masses was not deemed important and hence ignored. To add fuel to the already burning flame, the American Civil War resulted in supplies being cut off from the island. Bogle and his men stormed the Morant Bay Courthouse while it was in session. These people came to be known as Maroons (from the Spanish cimarron, meaning ‘wild’, a word applied to escaped slaves). Columbus was then able to land and claim the island. In the early days of the colony, piracy flourished. How Did White Horses In St. Thomas Get Its Name? A violent earthquake destroyed Port Royal on June 7, 1692. Its close neighbours are Haiti, to the east, and Cuba, to the north. In 1674 Lord Vaughan arrived as Governor. The little attention the colony received from Spain soon led to a major reason for internal strife. On August 6, 1962, Jamaica was granted its independence from England. Columbus had heard about Jamaica, then called Xaymaca, from the Cubans who described it as “the land of blessed gold”. Jamaica served mainly as a supply base: food, men, arms and horse were shipped here to help in conquering the American mainland. He kept the Spaniards busy defending their coasts that they had little time to attack Jamaica. They took their loot of gold, silver and jewels to Port Royal. A proper island-wide savings back system was organised. The French far outnumbered their opponents, but were eventually turned back, after losing hundreds of … The concept of Caribbean unity was soon abandoned in 1961 when Jamaicans voted against the Federation of the West Indies. The island’s capital was moved from Spanish Town to Kingston (1872). Columbus also needed wood and water and a chance to repair his vessels. They were so overworked and ill-treated that within a short time they had all died. After some misfortunes, this effort succeeded, and much booty and many ships were taken by … Fish was also a major part of their diet. After the English finally captured Jamaica from the Spanish in 1660, the area around the north coast town of Puerta Santa Maria became known as St. Mary and the chief town as Port Maria. Some of the Arawaks were killed and wounded in this attack. Having failed to capture the bigger island, and fearing Cromwell’s wrath, the men turned their fleet toward the relatively unprotected Jamaica. Towns were little more than settlements. 1248. The first large group came to Jamaica from Hong Kong on July 30, 1854 to work as indentured labourers. Emancipation and apprenticeship came into effect in 1834 and full freedom was granted in 1838. Jamaican English, which includes Jamaican Standard English, is a variety of English native to Jamaica and is the official language of the country. In fact the transportation of slaves became such a regular affair that the journey from Africa to the West Indies became known as the ‘Middle Passage’. This treaty resulted in a rift among the Maroons as they did not all agree that they should return run-away slaves to the plantations. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. The Arawaks led quiet and peaceful lives until they were destroyed by the Spaniards some years after Christopher Columbus discovered the island in 1494. Between 1660 and 1670 pirates used Jamaica as a place of resort. Enslaved Africans filled the large labour force required for the industry. Fifteen years later in 1509, after their first visit to the island, the first Spanish colonists came here under the Spanish governor Juan de Esquivel. Because of the small size of the island many people left and moved to other locations in the Caribbean carrying their forms of English with them. Admirals Horatio Nelson and George Rodney fought many of their most famous battles while based on the island. The first town was called New Seville or Sevilla la Nueva. Under British rule, Jamaica went from being a Spanish storehouse to one of the most prized Colonial possession of the entire British Empire. The frequent slave rebellions in the Caribbean was one factor that led to the abolition of the slave trade and slavery. From 1838 to 1917, over 30,000 Indians immigrated to Jamaica, followed by about 5,000 Asians from 1860 to 1893 who came as indentured laborers. The Arawaks there were also hostile to the Spaniards. In October 1865, an uprising in St. Thomas, called the Morant Bay Rebellion, was led by Paul Bogle. George Gordon was a prominent coloured legislator who was sympathetic to the problems of the poor people and was blamed for the trouble caused by the masses. In the treaty of 1740, they were given land and rights as free men. The early period of English settlement in Jamaica, drew much attention to the buccaneers based at Port Royal. He sailed down the coast and docked at Discovery Bay. On arrival at St Ann’s Bay, Columbus found the Arawak Indians inhabiting the island. The Constitution took effect on August 6,1962 when Jamaica gained political independence from Britain, after more than 300 years of British colonial rule. Jamaica, W.I, Tel: In 1938 things came to a head with widespread violence and rioting. In fact during the apprenticeship period (1834-1838) and in 1839, a number of persons of African descent came to Jamaica as free labourers. The story of how English came to Jamaica is closely connected to one of the most shameful chapters in the history of the British Empire – the slave trade. Eyre was subsequently recalled to England but not before exchanging the ancient Constitution for the Crown Colony system. In late 1654, English leader Oliver Cromwell launched the Western Design armada against Spain's colonies in the Caribbean. Caribbean Islands Table of Contents. Frequent attacks by pirates also contributed to the colony’s woes. Under British rule, Jamaica went from being a Spanish storehouse to one of the most prized Colonial possession of the entire British Empire. English on Barbados developed out of transported varieties from the British Isles and later came under the influence of varieties which were created by Africans who were kept on the island as slaves. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. Buccaneering had begun on the islands of Tortuga and Hispaniola. Accompanying Mrs. Cuthbert-Flynn is LASCO Detailing Representative, Jodi-Ann Mullings. The Indigenous People of Jamaica It is believed that the Tainos were the first group of people to make the island of Jamaica their home. Facebook Twitter. The Constitution reflects the country’s independence as a nation state and, to this day, remains the cornerstone of the island’s legal systems and institutions. The rebellion was put down by the Governor, Edward John Eyre. Tobacco, indigo and cocoa soon gave way to sugar which became the main crop for the island. Columbus was soon to find out that there was no gold in Jamaica. 1 (876) 926-3740-6, Feature | Presented by: Anjuii James Sawyers, Copyright 2020 The Jamaica Information Service. The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped … In 1739 and 1740 after two major Maroon Wars, treaties were signed with the British. The Maroons also had several wars against the English. In 1694, Jamaica came under attack by the French, led by Admiral Du Casse. Their attitudes changed however, when they were attacked by a dog from one of the Spanish ships and Columbus’ cross-bow men. Port Royal’s days as a pirate’s haven, however, were numbered, and in 1697 a massive earthquake plummeted much of the city into Kingston Harbour. In 1673 there were 17,272 persons in Jamaica. The contributing factors were discontent at the slow pace of political advance. They first settled in the St. Ann’s Bay area. Portland Eastern By-Election 2019: 6 Things From The Data. Similarly, the glossy, red, pear-shaped ackee, poisonous if eaten unripe, and today the national food of Jamaica, came from West Africa, brought either by European slaver or African slave. This contributed to the weakening of the colony in the last years of Spanish occupation. In 1670 Spain formally ceded the island to Britain . There are mountains and plateaus to the interior and east of the island. These were the Bustamante industrial Trade Union (BITU) named after the founder, Sir Alexander Bustamante. The colonists were impressed with the performance and endurance of the Africans, as well as the fact that African labour was cheaper and more promising. When the Spanish (in the form of Columbus's expedition) came to the Caribbean in the late 15th century, they were coming for "gold, God, and glory." All Rights Reserved. Though most of the English planters had left the islands and new owners were running the plantations, the old oligarchic system still remained. A severe drought was also in progress and most crops were ruined. With the English came a new language, a new political system, a new economic base, new recreational, musical and artistic pursuits, as well as new culinary influences and four other cultural groups ­ the Irish, Scots, Welsh and Africans. Throughout the course of history, people from all over the globe have settled in our island. They built their villages all over the island but most of them settled on the coasts and near rivers as they fished to get food. This expedition, which had failed to capture Hispaniola, proceeded to claim the island of Jamaica for England. The British conquered Jamaica from Spain in 1692 and the island soon became a producer of sugar. They were a wild, rough and ruthless set of sea rovers. Bustamante assumed the title of prime minister. Many Tainos were also brutally murdered as sport which shows the extreme cruelty of the Spanish. Jamaica served mainly as a supply base: food, men, arms and horse were shipped here to help in conquering the American mainland. Jamaica has lived through it all in a few years. The majority however, came to the island by force due to the slave trade. The English captured Jamaica in 1655 and turned the island into one vast sugar plantation, making the planters rich.  In 1655, Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables were dispatched to conquer Spanish Santo Domingo (Hispaniola). It lies 630 kilometres north-east of mainland Central America. Fifteen years later in 1509, after their first visit to the island, the first Spanish colonists came here under the Spanish governor Juan de Esquivel. Here's a look at the major ethnic groups which arrived in Jamaica: Tainos - came from South America around 600 AD.Very few descendants of Tainos remain on the island. Tobacco was grown on a large scale as smoking was their most popular pastime. Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Wellness, Hon. He has since been named a National Hero. The Life of Africans Who Came to Jamaica as “Slaves” November 23, 2015 August 1, 2017 Guest Author . He was also the founder and leader of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), the political party affiliated with the BITU. More than 430 people were executed or shot, hundreds more flogged and 1,000 dwellings destroyed. On May 10, 1655, an English expedition, commanded by Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables, landed at the present-day coastal town of Passage Fort, in the southeastern parish of Saint Catherine. From the 1620s and 1630s onwards, non-Hispanic privateers, traders, and settlers established permanent colonies and trading posts on the Caribbean islands neglected by Spain.Such colonies spread throughout the Caribbean, from the Bahamas in the North West to Tobago in the South East. On May 10, 1655, Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables led a successful attack on Jamaica. Morgan was knighted by king Charles II of England and was appointed Lieutenant governor of Jamaica in 1673. The island remained poor under Spanish rule as few Spaniards settled here. The sugar industry grew so rapidly that the 57 sugar estates in the island in 1673 grew to nearly 430 by 1739. European settlements in the Caribbean began with Christopher Columbus. The slaves, however, were unhappy with their status, so they rebelled whenever they could. Out of these disturbances came the formation of the first labour unions and the formation of the two major political parties. As he was determined to annex the island in the name of the king and queen of Spain, he was not deterred. Why did they come? What is the Global Tourism Resilience and Crisis Management Centre? Their faces were broad and their noses flat. Somewhere between 5,000 BC and 4,000 BC saw the arrival of the Guanahatabey or Ciboney people, who followed a now submerged chain of small islands that used to run from the eastern Yucatan through to Cuba and Jamaica. Morgan mercilessly raided Spanish fleet and colonies. The abolition of the British slave trade in 1807 did not mean that people of African origin no longer came to the island. A number of white people was killed including the custos of the parish. Education, health, and social services were greatly improved. She has enjoyed a fever of prosperity founded upon those incalculable treasures poured into her lap by the old time buccaneer pirates. However, it is important that we highlight and give credence to the indigenous people of Jamaica, known as the Tainos. In that year Sir Henry Morgan became Lieutenant-Governor. They continued to ship Africans to the West Indies to be sold to planters who forced them to work on sugar plantations. The history of Jamaica is a rich and vibrant one, which inspires us to move forward as a nation. The were sent to Jamaica because the country was closer than China. Read our, Get the Facts: NHT Benefits for Disabled Persons, Get the Facts – Coronavirus and the New Academic Year, Do’s and Don’ts in Communicating with the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Back to School Health Tips: Properly Wash Your Hands. They came from South America 2,500 years ago and named the island Xaymaca, which meant ““land of wood and water”. Norman Manley was the founder of the National Workers’ union and the political party the People’s National Party (PNP). The importance of St. Mary in the history of Jamaica is in many ways un-rivaled.   On the backs of a large population of African slaves, the colony became one of the most important sugar producers in the world. Physically, they were light brown in colour, short and well-shaped with coarse, black hair. Ms. Pirates. In the wake of the English Civil War, the new Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell sought to expand his domain in the New World. The Spaniards surrendered to the English, freed their slaves and then fled to Cuba. 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