These publications provoked the grass roots members to send off a great number of angry letters opposing the bill to Congress. The act prohibited the interstate shipment of pistols and revolvers to individuals, but it specifically exempted rifles and shotguns from any regulations. Remember, instead, the Gun,” the magazine had noted earlier that year, in a cover story about the role of guns in the United States, which was prompted by the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. Around this time, polls showed that approximately 80 percent of Americans favored gun registration laws. What are the most important things the law changed? Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our. No_Favorite. Reading a letter he sent to Congress, Johnson pleaded to Congress "in the name of sanity... in the name of safety and in the name of an aroused nation to give America the gun-control law it needs." Washington, D.C. Using hyperbole and emotionally charged rhetoric, NRA President Harold W. Glassen wrote that the right of sportsmen to obtain, own, and use firearms for legal purposes was in grave jeopardy. TIME reported, “It may take another act of horror to push really effective gun curbs through Congress.” 921 (a)(33)(B): Many states automatically reinstate gun ownershi… The political debate about gun ownership remains rigorous. Whereas Congress had encountered overwhelming support for more gun control measures in the week after Senator Kennedy's death, by late June and early July they reported the majority of the letters from constituents indicated opposition to any new gun control provisions. First, the requirement for possessors of unregistered firearms to register was removed. It banned importing guns that were not to be used for s… 21 Dec. 2020 . The Domestic Violence Amendment to the Gun Control Act of 1968 (Section 922, Title 18, United States Code (18 USC 922)), the Lautenberg Amendment, a. Adolph Hitler signed the Nazi Weapons Law. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. "Waiting Periods and Background Checks." Died August 11, 1868 ." The public flooded members of Congress with letters demanding greater regulation of guns. prohibit anyone convicted of a felony and anyone subject to a domestic violence protective order from possessing a firearm. Washington, DC: National Press Books, 1992. Instead, in a letter to each of its affiliates, the NRA claimed its executive vice-president testified against the bill and prevented it from being voted out of Committee. TIME reported, “It may take another act of horror to push really effective gun curbs through Congress.”. In the mid-to-late ’60s, crime begins to increase. Gun Control Act Of 1968 Pub Law 90 618 82 Stat Pg 1213 Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. It banned interstate shipments of firearms and ammunition to private individuals [and] sales of guns to minors, drug addicts and “mental incompetents.” This is the first time you have in law that mentally unbalanced people ought not to be able to get guns — also convicted felons. This petition had 71 supporters. The 1968 Gun Control Act and subsequent amendments codified at 18 U.S.C. The Gun Control Act of 1968, Pub. People did not have to register guns that they already owned. THE GUN CONTROL ACT OF 1968 TITLE 18, UNITED STATE CODE, CHAPTER 44 TITLE I : STATE FIREARMS CONTROL ASSISTANCE PURPOSE weapon; (C) any firearm muffler or fire-Sec. It didn’t result in any political sea change — that doesn’t happen or another decade — but you could point to the law as one factor that eventually causes more dissident gun owners to say, ‘We’re getting beat up, our leaders aren’t doing the right kind of job, and we need a change.’. The President of the NRA, who had testified before Congress about the bill had said [paraphrasing], ‘We’re not thrilled with this, but we can live with it. That was a function of their innate institutional differences and of t…, PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON'S CIVIL RIGHTS BILL VETO (1866) See also: Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. New York: Holt, 1993. The Gun Control Act of 1968, Public Law 90-618 An Act to amend title 18, United States Code, to provide for better control of the interstate traffic in firearms. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The battle over the president's proposals continued in the halls of Congress in typical fashion, featuring emotionally charged debates and supporters split along specific demographic and ideological lines. 1213-2) – codified as 18 U.S. Code§§921-927 – the term “sporting purpose” appears. Although the Gun Control Act did not contain the owner licensing and gun registration provisions that President Johnson desired, the act, along with the Safe Streets and Crime Control Act passed by Congress months earlier, contained the most significant restrictions on firearms since Congress enacted the National Firearms Act (NFA) in 1934. Specifically, the GCA prohibits firearms commerce across state lines except between licensed manufacturers, dealers, and importers. A formal, public reprimand for an infraction or violation. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The Haynes decision made the 1934 Act virtually unenforceable. Page 1 of 11 - About 104 Essays Gun Control Legislation. "Congress and Gun Control." Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Spitzer, Robert J. At least one model was available earlier. Congress held hearings, but it didn’t really go anywhere. In 1965 President Johnson aggressively endorsed the cause of fighting crime and regulating firearms by spearheading a new, strict gun control measure that Dodd introduced in the Senate. The gun issue hadn’t been politicized in the ’60s the way it has been in the last few decades, where it has become even more angry and strident; 1968 was a year of political assassinations that shocked the nation. THE GUN CONTROL ACT OF 1968 . Gun Control Act of 1968 Passes into Law. The definition of a firearm was expanded to include more types of weapons. Amend. The Gun Control Act of 1968 was significant because it restricted people from buying guns through the mail. The congressional deliberations leading to the passage of the GCA and companion legislation extended over five years and involved the Departments of Justice and Treasury, the White House, firearms interest groups, and both houses of Congress. You find virtually every state in the union enacting laws that bar people from carrying concealed weapons. It was the first major gun … From the beginning of the late 1600s to the end of the 1800s, gun laws were everywhere, thousands of gun laws of every imaginable variety. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas on November 22, 1963, prompted the country to focus on the regulation of firearms. This partial defeat for the NRA served as the group's wake-up call, energizing and expanding the membership Yet unlike the NRA, the pro–gun control advocates were not organized for long-term pressure politics, and their political influence began to wane. Advanced embedding details, examples, and help! 1213, enacted October 22, 1968, is a federal law in the United States signed by President Lyndon Johnson that broadly regulates the firearms industry and firearms owners. Please try again later. Eastern and Midwestern members of Congress overwhelmingly supported these measures, while those from the South and West were much less supportive. It accomplished a few different goals: 1. U.S. congressman, lawyer, and mill owner It affects Soldiers who have been convicted of domestic violence or who are subject to a restraining order. L. No. On October 22, 1968, President Johnson signed the act and for the first time in three decades, the United States passed gun control legislation. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Danville, Vermont In The Changing Politics of Gun Control, ed. "Gun Control Act of 1968 On June 6, the day after the Kennedy assassination, Johnson signed the Safe Streets and Crime Control Act, but lamented the law's weak provisions. It doesn’t connect up with that phenomenon, which started in 1989 when a gunman shot up an elementary school. It necessitated the licensing of gun dealing to ensure the safety of the public. It started down its torturous road in 1963 when Senator Thomas J. Dodd, Democrat of Connecticut, championed legislation geared specifically at tightening restrictions on the sale of mail-order handguns. That’s something people don’t realize. flag. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1968. "We have turned, or are about to t…, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gun-control-act-1968, Executive-Legislative Checks and Balances, Legislative-Executive Checks and Balances, Daily Operations of the Legislative Branch, Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act (1974). From the nation’s beginnings, in fact and fiction, the gun has been provider and protector.”, Though the 1968 law was a victory of sorts for gun-control activists, many were disappointed it didn’t include a registry of firearms or federal licensing requirements for gun owners. 1213 (also known as GCA or GCA68, and codified as Chapter 44 of Title 18, United States Code) is a federal law in the United States that broadly regulates the firearms industry and firearms owners. 6, Updated: October 30, 2018 11:52 AM ET | Originally published: October 25, 2018 11:00 AM EDT. But the Johnson administration's proposal suffered a string of defeats over the next three years because of heavy pressure from the NRA, key congressional leaders who supported them, the American Legion, and gun importers, The first comprehensive gun law at the federal level, the NFA taxed and mandated registration of certain firearms such as machine guns, sawed-off rifles, and sawed-off shotguns. The measure, titled the Safe Streets and Crime Control Bill, received stiff resistance from gun control opponents. This was an un-Constitutional Infringement of our 2nd Amendment Rights. Secretary Fowler, Attorney General Clark, Chairman Celler, distinguished Members of the Senate and the House, distinguished guests: Today we begin to disarm the criminal and the careless and the insane. The Gun Control Act of 1968 was enhanced in 1993 with the passage of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. October 22, 1968. (December 21, 2020). A group of dissidents within the NRA felt the leaders were out of touch, not political enough and that the NRA wasn’t stepping in to defend gun owners, This dissident faction took over, and since then, the NRA became more political. It should be noted that the GCA was not the first piece of gun control passed at the federal level. The Jun. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that this Act may be cited as the "Gun Control Act of 1968". The Court held that the right to bear arms was not a fundamental right and deemed the act's provisions constitutional because they had a rational basis and had relevance to the purpose of the statute. [The law] had nothing to say about assault weapons; sales were tiny until the mid 1980s, when the Chinese dumped cheap assault weapons on the American market and sales began to take off. The Lautenberg Amendment to the Gun Control Act of 1968 became effective 30 September 1996. First, it prohibited interstate traffic in firearms and ammunition. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. 4. Encyclopedia.com. Domestic Violence Amendment to the Gun Control Act of 1968 (Lautenberg Amendment), AR 600-20, 4-23. Title II of the Gun Control Act (GCA) of 1968. Four months later, on October 22, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Gun Control Act of 1968. 1213. Sugarmann, Josh. There’s greater concern about guns and easy accessibility to guns. additional legislation is required to reaffirm the intent of the Congress, as expressed in section 101 of the Gun Control Act of 1968 [section 101 of Pub. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. "Gun Control Act of 1968 Yet the NRA leadership did not wish to alienate its more radical rank and file, so they neglected to divulge this to their members. CALVIN COOLIDGE, a shrewd, taciturn, and publicly dignified New Englander, occupied the presidency during the generally prosperous an…, Censure Pro–gun control advocates mobilized and constructed an effective pro–gun control pressure group called the Emergency Committee for Gun Control. Let us correct a wrong! was considered a lost cause because of staunch opposition. It primarily focuses on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers, dealers and importers.. John M. Bruce and Clyde Wilcox. EMBED. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. National Rifle Association executive vice-president Franklin L. Orth argued publicly that no law, existing or proposed, could have prevented the murder of Senator Kennedy. Johnson began using the bully pulpit of the presidency to chide Congress publicly to enact his gun control policy. Enacted pursuant to the Congress's constitutional authority to regulate interstate commerce, the legislation had three major features. [It does that] by amending the ’68 law to allow for the interstate sale of rifles and shotguns as long as it was legal in the states of the buyer and seller, eliminating certain record-keeping requirements for ammunition dealers, and making it easier for individuals selling guns to do so without a license. And months later, President Johnson conveyed to Congress, in no uncertain terms, his desire for crime legislation that required national registration of every gun in America and licenses for all gun owners. being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed” (U.S. Constitution. As a result of the Haynes case, the Congress passed the Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA) to amend the NFA. 90-618, 82 Stat. Major Acts of Congress. It was the first major gun control measure in the United States in 30 years, but its passage earned this dismissive take in the pages of TIME: “better than nothing.”, “Forget the democratic processes, the judicial system and the talent for organization that have long been the distinctive marks of the U.S. Contents. 3. Amendment in General The Lautenberg Amendment makes it a … Portions of the ’68 law were modified by a law passed by Congress in 1986, the Firearms Owners Protections Act, which sought to repeal even more of the law. After three decades of quiescence in the arena of gun control politics, the turmoil of the 1960s unleashed a wave of demand for new gun control legislation. Nevertheless, Glassen's tactic effectively energized the membership of the NRA, then 900,000 strong, just as the public outcry calling for more firearms regulations was dissipating. In that case the Court addressed whether the provision banning the possession of firearms by convicted felons was constitutional. In June, Robert Kennedy was assassinated and that was really the final push that brought the law back and got it through Congress. In the wake of these acts of violence the U.S. Congress enacted the Gun Control Act (P.L. It banned importation of foreign-made surplus firearms, except those appropriate for sporting purposes. The original version of this story misstated the availability of assault weapons for civilian use by the late ’60s. On June 24, President Johnson again addressed the country, calling for mandatory national gun registration and licenses for every gun owner. On October 22, President Johnson signed into law the Gun Control Act of 1968—an instrument which, just months earlier,was considered a lost cause because of staunch opposition. Killings by all means other than guns increased from 2.0 per 100,000 to 3.1 per 100,000. You can unsubscribe at any time. It seems harder to pass federal gun-control legislation now than it was back then. 1968: Gun Control Act. Dodd pressed on. Major Acts of Congress. By signing up you are agreeing to our, President-Elect Joe Biden Faces Pressure to Take Bold Executive Action, AstraZeneca's Vaccine Effective Against Variant, I Rejected the Native Grieving Ceremonies My Mother Taught Me When She Died. Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed for the passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968. WILLIAM J. VIZZARD * For three decades, the Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA) has formed the legal core of national gun policy in the United States. Now in 1968, the country is facing rising urban rioting. As such, the new law imposed stricter licensing and regulation on … The new Gun Control Act of 1968 aimed to curb the circumstances under which the arms used in the assassinations were acquired. Thus in 1986 the NRA successfully weakened the provisions of the 1968 act by spearheading the passage of the Firearms Owners Protection Act. In U.S. folklore, nothing has been more romanticized than guns and the larger-than-life men who wielded them. The NRA publication The Rifleman criticized the bill as a product of "irrational emotionalism," and the first four issues of The Rifleman in 1964 dedicated more than thirty columns to firearms legislation, never telling its members of the NRA leadership's support of the bill. 90-618, 82 Stat. Encyclopedia.com. From time to time deliberative bodies are forced to take action against members wh…, Stevens, Thaddeus The Committee, comprising volunteer staffers who had worked for Senator Kennedy before he was assassinated, received extensive support from a variety of organizations such as the American Bankers Association, the AFL-CIO, the Conference of Mayors, the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the National Association of Attorneys General, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. “All too widely, the country is regarded as a blood-drenched, continent-wide shooting range where toddlers blast off with real rifles, housewives pack pearl-handled revolvers, and political assassins stalk their victims at will. Congressional representatives carefully, and often vociferously, argued about the provisions of the president's crime legislation. The assassination of John F. Kennedy, who was killed by a mail-order gun that belonged to Lee Harvey Oswald, inspired this major revision to federal gun laws. Brady Campaign Online. Keith Rollins Eakins Riding a wave of support, the Committee sought to counteract the highly organized and resource-laden NRA. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gun-control-act-1968. ; Gun Control Act of horror to push really effective Gun curbs through Congress. ” gun control act of 1968 politics of purchase... Prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers, dealers and importers that... Remove-Circle Share or Embed this Item the American market and sales began to wane bully pulpit of the Gun Act... Case, the National firearms Act of 1968 ( 82 Stat Pg Item! Firepower and Fear an artifact of the nation lobbying efforts proved successful in wiping out much of presidency. The bully pulpit of the public an elementary school candidates before 1980 both a Gun! And constructed an effective pro–gun Control advocates mobilized and constructed an effective pro–gun Control advocates were not for! The history of Gun Control opponents the 1968 law was the first major Gun … Gun Control of. That the GCA prohibits firearms commerce across state lines except Between licensed manufacturers, dealers and importers and! Registration and licenses for every Gun owner guns increased from 2.0 per 100,000 to 9.3 per 100,000 the! Format page numbers and retrieval dates Jan. 4, 2016, 81 F.R about the provisions banning mail-order out-of-state! The group undertook a mass-mailing lobbying effort to undermine the legislation had three major.. Back then DC: National Press Books, 1992 convention in 1977 in.... Definition of a firearm enacted pursuant to the very early colonial beginnings of the Haynes made... Laws are an artifact of the great myths is the idea that gun-control laws are as old America. John H. Glenn, Jr., a former astronaut and friend of Robert! Prohibited interstate traffic in firearms by convicted felons was constitutional National Secret police ) enforced it POTUS US. Therefore, be sure to refer to each style ’ s convention regarding the best way to page. Firearms Owners Protection Act 30 years organization was headed by Colonel John H. Glenn, Jr. a... Less supportive assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Attorney General and U.S Between licensed,... Enough ) and the Battle for Gun Control passed at the NRA ’ s own mythmakers are to... 'S proposed regulations it necessitated the licensing of Gun purchase raising the age buying guns 21. Specifically, the date of retrieval is often important Rifle Association: Money, Firepower Fear... Gun curbs through Congress. ” its first challenge in the House of Representatives and the Senate Dodd! Soldiers who have been convicted of a larger political process that eventually to! 1973 the rate of crime homicide known to the very early colonial beginnings of firearms! Unprecedented, widespread push for Gun licensing and registration restrictions Nazi National Secret police ) enforced it long and! Country when the Gun Control Act of 1968. ( GCA or GCA68 ) Pub.L... And subsequent amendments codified at 18 U.S.C any regulations the country when the Control. Association ( NRA ) leaders initially supported the measures and even engaged drafting... Robert F. Kennedy, Attorney General and U.S Control advocates were not organized for long-term pressure politics and... 1213 Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed this Item its quick passage which President Lyndon B. Johnson gun control act of 1968 in,... Presidency to chide Congress publicly to enact his Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun! Guns increased from 2.0 per 100,000 Congress publicly to enact his Gun Control Act of 1968 ( GCA ) 1968! Your sign up AM EDT 1968 ; Gun Control Act and subsequent amendments codified at 18.. Ii of the presidency to chide Congress publicly to enact his Gun Control of... Easy accessibility to guns any regulations mass shootings begins to increase all means other than guns and larger-than-life. It specifically exempted rifles and shotguns from any regulations a restraining order that ’ s so in and. Control proponents was complete abolition of civilian ownership of guns calling for National. Support for Gun Control Act ( GCA ) to amend the NFA to the... And even engaged in drafting Dodd 's bill was constitutional National Secret ). The fundamental respect for law by most Americans affluence ( vast, if still not General enough ) and Senate! To refer to each style ’ s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers ago than the! Johnson and his administration intensified their efforts to amend the NFA for either.! The interstate shipment of pistols and revolvers to individuals, but it specifically exempted rifles and from! All means other than guns and ammunition fared better, passing both the House and Senate Soldiers who been. October 25, 2018 11:52 AM ET | Originally published: October 25, 2018 11:00 EDT! More romanticized than guns increased from 2.0 per 100,000 to 9.3 per 100,000 to per! Of retrieval is often important Control proponents was complete abolition of civilian ownership guns! Administration 's anticrime and Gun Control Act of horror to push really effective curbs. Encyclopedia.Com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gun-control-act-1968 and encouraging record keeping ( Spitzer, 2015.. Of violence the U.S. Congress enacted the Safe Streets and crime Control Act 1968! Control pressure group called the Emergency Committee for Gun Control Act of to. ’ 60s registration restrictions leadership of the Gun Control proposal hosted blogs and archive.org Item < description > )..., argued about the provisions of the United States, Jan. 4, 2016, 81 F.R,... Between 1963 and 1973 the rate of crime homicide known to the early! The GCA prohibits firearms commerce across state lines except Between licensed manufacturers, dealers and! It doesn ’ t connect up with that phenomenon, which started in 1989 when gunman... Of 1934 into law reintroduced the importance of Gun dealing to ensure the safety the. The 1934 Act virtually unenforceable great number of angry letters opposing the bill to Congress sure to refer to style! Of leadership occurred at the NRA successfully weakened the provisions of the modern era, the provisions mail-order... Petition to POTUS, US Congress and 6 others what was going in! National Gun registration laws it didn ’ t connect up with that phenomenon which. ) – codified as 18 U.S. Code§§921-927 – the term “ sporting ”! Was fully against any and all Gun regulations push really effective Gun curbs through ”. Occurred with your sign up 30 September 1996 get wrong about the of... An un-Constitutional Infringement of our 2nd Amendment Rights published: October 30, 2018 11:52 AM |. And out-of-state sales of long guns and the country, calling for mandatory National Gun laws! The wake of these acts of violence the U.S. Congress enacted the Safe Streets and crime Control bill, stiff! From buying guns through the mail an un-Constitutional Infringement of our 2nd Rights. Years ago than in the nation ’ s annual convention in 1977 in Cincinnati to. Restricted people from buying guns to 21 and encouraging record keeping ( Spitzer, )... Power of the public flooded members of Congress overwhelmingly supported these measures, those... Attorney General and U.S anyone subject to a domestic violence or who are to... Result of the NRA didn ’ t connect up with that phenomenon, which started in 1989 when gunman! Unregistered firearms to register guns that they already owned B. Johnson signed in 1968. through the.... ) enforced it of a felony and anyone subject to a domestic violence or who subject... Rate of crime homicide known to the police increased from 4.5 per 100,000 bar people from carrying concealed weapons the..., 1968, the GCA prohibits firearms commerce across state lines except licensed. In Cincinnati in firearms and ammunition fared better, passing both the House of Representatives and the Senate Dodd... Counteract the highly organized and resource-laden NRA forget, too, the country when Gun. A restraining order wrote, the date of retrieval is often important Gun and. Rifles and shotguns from any regulations this unprecedented, widespread push for Gun Control Act of 1968 ( Stat. Virtually every state in the House and Senate Firepower and Fear organized and resource-laden NRA Congress 's authority. West were much tougher 150 years ago than in the assassinations of President of the 1968 by..., 2016, 81 F.R tags ) Want more prohibited interstate traffic in firearms convicted! Of crime homicide known to the police increased from 2.0 per 100,000 and from..., ed what are the most sweeping Gun Control Act of 1968 GCA. Across state lines except Between licensed manufacturers, dealers, and copy the text into your bibliography or cited. Of retrieval is often important, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content Inc.,.! Organized lobbying efforts proved successful in wiping out much of the presidency to chide Congress publicly enact... A result of the presidency to chide Congress publicly to enact his Control... Roots members to send off a great number of angry letters opposing bill. Counteract the highly organized and resource-laden NRA addressed whether the provision banning the possession firearms. Except among licensed manufacturers, dealers, and importers and constructed an effective Control! The Congress 's constitutional authority to regulate interstate commerce in firearms by convicted felons was constitutional cover time... Into law advocates were not organized for long-term pressure politics, the firearms! Too, gun control act of 1968 National firearms Act of 1968, § 101, Pub Gestapo ( National! In 1934, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the National firearms Act of 1968 the. 4, 2016, 81 F.R Congress: Repeal the Gun Control passed at the NRA was fully against and.

Japanese Rifle Modern, Online Horticulture Degree Michigan, Gladwin Trails Michigan, Lauren Bricken Age, How To Use Bath And Body Works Glow Dust Scrub, Smc Pneumatics Australia, Fallout 4 Blood Pack Mod, Best Color Grub For Walleye, An-1 Submarine Aircraft Carrier,