CHAPTER 1. CHAPTERS: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, RESOURCES: Summary, Outline, Memorize, Chronology. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. The king will require Jews to reject their Covenant with the One God. 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. Its name in the Septuagint and in the writings of the Church Fathers (Eusebius and Clement) is , i.e . VERSE 33. [32] Ultimately the relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius breaks down: Maccabees' opinion is that Demetrius "broke his word about all that he had promised; he became estranged from Jonathan and did not repay the favors that Jonathan had done him, but treated him very harshly". Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. He either used or reconstructed primary sources such as letters, poetic accounts, and possibly court histories. That is, they covered over their circumcision. However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. The second book is even more important from the doctrinal point of view. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Books of Machabees. He bans the observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. During the Protestant Reformation, the book (along with other books in the Catholic deuterocanon) was classed as biblical apocrypha in Protestantism, material useful for background but not canonical. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law, resulting in the Hasmonean revolt against Seleucid rule. VERSE 52. Some Protestants include the book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. Bible Society, Stonehill Green, Westlea, Swindon SN5 7DG. The Greek text is extant in two of the three oldest codices of the Greek Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus. 1 Maccabees 1:54. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The first book was written in Hebrew, although what we have is only a Greek translation; the second, written in Greek, shows that the author had a good grasp of Greek rhetoric and the Greek language, which suggests he may have been from Alexandria. Their faith in the resurrection, which they explicitly assert (v. 11), gives them the courage to undergo terrible sufferings to keep the holy Law of God, sufferings in which they are also supported by their mothers faith. Alternate titles: The Books of the Machabees. The name Maccabee, probably meaning "hammer," is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1 Mc 2:4, 66; 2 Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16).Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters . It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. There is a faithful remnant. Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. These translations have no copyright restrictions. One is that it was simply "too new," dealing with a period several centuries after the traditional end of Jewish prophecy. The book's author is unknown, but is assumed to have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have even taken part in the events described in the book, or at least knew older people who participated in them. Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). This was a village twenty miles northwest of Jerusalem. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. VERSE 45. and should forbid whole burnt offerings and sacrifice and drink offerings in the sanctuary; and should profane the Sabbaths and feasts. Antiochus was determined to impose hellenic religion and civilization in Palestine as elsewhere, and naturally this was anathema to the Jews, who at this time were quite faithful to the Covenant with Yahweh. [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. [33], Proposed alliances with Rome and with Areus of Sparta are covered in 1 Maccabees 12:123. Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. This usage of "Maccabees" as a group-term may have originated in Greek, as no usage of it in Hebrew to refer to the rebels survives from any era earlier than the 19th century.[10]. The following is a brief analysis of 1 Maccabees: (1) 1 Maccabees 1:1-10: An account of the rise of the Seleucid Dynasty. VERSE 2. It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. The vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence of the Jews. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Hebrew originally. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. hanged their babes about their necks. These two books tell you a lot about Jewish self-definition in the second and first century bc. To keep the Law of Moses would mean being put to death. the hundred and forty and third year. Other texts lay stress on the intercession of the saints and the value of prayers for the dead (12:43-46), which are the basis of the dogma of the communion of saints. 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and slaughtered the kings of the earth. The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. A Greek version of the text was printed for the first time in 15141517 in the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a worthy leader.[10]. Collins 2000 discusses 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees in this study of Jewish identity constructions in the diaspora in the Hellenistic period. INTRODUCING MATTATHIAS. [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. The kingdom began to decline under Ptolemy IV Philopator, who was a bad administrator and led a dissolute life. Corrections? Thus, for example, in 2 Maccabees 12:43 there is Judas act of faith in the resurrection and salvation of his fallen soldiers, but he realizes that they must atone for their sins in the next life, and he wishes to help them in this and asks for prayers from the living. The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. She, having offered God the lives of her sons, then offers herself in sacrifice, giving an example of fortitude and also of that faith in which she had reared her children. The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes eventually comes to rule over Syria. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" (establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). Acts 4 (King James Version) 1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, 2 Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. 1 Maccabees covers the period of 175 BCE to 134 BCE. He achieves semi-independence from the Seleucid Empire and gains recognition of his rulership from the Roman Senate in 139. After the episode of Heliodorus (3:1-40), the writer lays great emphasis on the inviolate sanctity of the Temple and implies that Antiochus suffers the terrible death he does suffer because of his profanation of it. VERSE 25. In either case, only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. Prefixed to the book are two "festive" letters (1.1 - 10a and1.10b - 2.19), sent from the Jews in Jerusalem to the Jews in Egypt. In Hebrew, the first letters of this four word slogan form the acronym MKBY. His son, Ptolemy III Euergetes, extended his empire into Persia. The Book of 1 Maccabees CPDV summary. From Alexander to Antiochus. Jonathan's capture in 143 BC, having been double-crossed by Diodotus Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees 12:48. "Exodus ch. The origin of the word maccabee is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas physical strength and exploits. And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant spirit before a fall. The Hasmoneans were not an obvious choice to be rulers; they did not descend from the priestly line of Zadok that had taken the office of High Priest for generations at the point of the Maccabean Revolt. Not only the leaders, but also circumcised infants and their mothers are killed as a warning to others. In the year 142 BCE, after more than 500 years of subjugation, the Jews were again masters of their own fate. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension . 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. Mattathias's son Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) takes over the revolt and the rebels as a group are called the Maccabees; the book chronicles in detail the successes and setbacks of the rebellion. It was included in standard printed Christian Bibles in the deuterocanon section. The history presented is very accurate, comparing favorably to pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. 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