Foulkes D. Children's dreams. Recall of dreams is much greater and the report is much more detailed when one is awakened during desynchronized sleep and the stage I of synchronized sleep, right after alpha waves disappear and are replaced by a lower frequency and lower voltage electro-oscillographic pattern (22,23). Solms M. Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. 68. The form and content of dreams is not random but organized and selective: during dreaming, the brain constructs a complex model of the world in which certain types of elements, when compared to waking life, are Brain Res Bull 1992;28:479-84. Two major theories have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming. Intermediate state of sleep in the cat. Usually such increases in blood pressure are not enough to lead it to attain normal levels but during a nightmare blood pressure may go up to 200 mmHg. 22. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. Vertes RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. The number of PGO potentials undergoes a high increase after the frontal ablation, which is suggestive of a tonic inhibition of these potentials by the frontal cortex. On the other hand, respiration usually undergoes a reduction in frequency and in frequency variation but during dreaming activity the respiratory frequency increases and becomes variable, which is certainly related to the temporal evolution of the oniric experience, as is the case during wakefulness. After transection of the brain stem at the pontomesencephalic transition, rostrally to locus coeruleus, desynchronized sleep still occurs below the transection (10,90-93). Instead, they thought that dreams were not provoked by spirits, ghosts or gods, which took over the mind to express themselves through dreaming. It is well known that during desynchronized sleep the pupil undergoes an increase in diameter (midriasis), which is not produced by direct sympathetic activation but rather to parasympathetic inactivation, that overcomes the tonic pupillary constrictor activity of the parasympathetic system during synchronized sleep. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. Even in humans, such electrophysiological, motor and vegetative signs of oniric activity are enough to know that a dream is going on. Rothschuch KR. Karger, Basel, 1997:65-76. On the other hand, cells that were silent during the behavioral task did not show the increase in frequency. Psychoanalysis considers dreams as an important window to the unconscious world, what makes dream interpretation a crucial factor in psychonalytic diagnosis and treatment. Accordingly, they are known as PGO (pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus) potentials. The authors suggest that such a disturbance of reproduction occurs because desynchronized sleep (and consequently dreaming) was prevented to occur normally in infancy but the functional meaning of this interesting phenomenon. In both instances sleep evolved according to the phases of synchronized and then of desynchronized sleep, during which eye movements always occurred. Raven Press, New york 1981:405-429. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Phasic events indicating presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents to the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. 104. 103. 123. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Mori S, Matysuyama K, Kohyama J, Kobayashi y, Takakusaki K. Neuronal constituents of postural and locomotor control systems and their interactions in cats. 105. Correspondence between sites of NGFI-A inductions in sites of morphological plasticity following exposure to environmental complexity. Many hypotheses have been advanced but so far they do not explain why and what for we do dream. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1990;76:388-99. 4 According to Freud, Decety J, Jeannerod M, Durozard DR, Baveal J. 2. ", "As to the oviparous creatures, it is obvious that they sleep but it is impossible to state that they dream. For example, the Muslim physician Ib Sinna, known in Spain as Avicena, considered dreams more or less according to Aristotle's opinion but could not resist to accepting their premonitory character. Another change of the electro-oscillograms we disclosed in rats by carefully analyzing their time-course while a dream is on (as well as during attentive wakefulness) is the presence of short periods of desynchronization that interrupt or superimpose on theta waves. 50. Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG, PET study. Such activation of zif-268, which is likely to be correlated with the effect of learning on desynchronized sleep, was larger in the frontal and hippocampal cortices, where memorization is well known to occur. (eds.) Some scientists take the position that dreaming probably has no function. Brain Res 1967;6:706-15. The gamma-alpha loop has been shown to play no role in producing the movements that characterize dreaming. Arch Ital Biol 1965;103:369-96. J Sleep Res 1993;2:63-9. 109. As a matter of fact, manifestations of dreaming have been identified in many species, including chickens, chimpanzees, cats, rats and in some birds. 113. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1969;163:181-6. J Neurosci 1995;15:3500-8. This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. C R S Soc Biol 1978;172:9-21. Spectrum, New york 1976:411-449. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 66. This allows us to see the irrational as a normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can be explored. Physiology and Psychology. Madsen PC, Holm S, Vorstup S, Friberg L, Lassen NA, Wildschiotz LF. Important dream theories are Freud's interpretation of dreams, WebOne hypothesis drawn from TST is that real threatening events encountered by the individual during wakefulness should lead to an increased activation of the system, a threat simulation response, and therefore, to an increased frequency and severity of threatening events in dreams. 49. WebWhen a person entered rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, it activates circuits within the brain stem. In cats, Thomas & Benoit (18) have found oniric activity during synchronized sleep, similar to what we described in rats as pre-paradoxical sleep (19,20) as intermediate phase. In some animals, however, a reduction of heart rate and respiration may occur, what also happens during an attentive wakefulness if they are threatened. Desynchronized sleep has been identified in many mammals and birds (16) but below the birds only in crocodiles brief periods of an equivalent phase (eye movements, low voltage electro-oscillograms and cervical hypotonia) seem to occur (17). Generally, in humans oniric activity is expressed as eye movements, what is obviously linked to vision as the main human sensory channel. Geschichte der Physiologie. The value of r is as high as 0.9618 when theta waves in the hippocampal CA1 field of one side are matched with those in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, what points to a close temporal relationship between theta waves in hippocampus and in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. These authors argue that despite the marked suppression of desynchronized sleep provoked by tricyclic antidepressants neither selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors and mono-amino-oxydase nor learning and memory are disrupted. During the past two decades several authors also did quantify the kinds of dreams. 61. Petersohn D, Schoch S, Brinkmann DR, Thiel G. The human synapsin II gene promoter. The American psychologist Mary Whiton Calkins published in 1893 an important, although entirely unkwnown, article under the title Statistics of Dreams, wherein she introduced the technique of arousing people when they moved parts of the body during sleep and asking them to report their dreams (4,7). 13. It is usually taken for granted that PGO potentials are essential manifestations for the electrophysiological identification of dreaming activity but such view is not well founded. Klein M, Michel F, Jouvet M. tude polygraphique du sommeil chez les oiseaux. However, they ignored that the dreams were produced by the brain. Mirmiran M, Van den Dungen H, Uylings HBM. Accessibility Christy B, Nathans D. DNA binding site of the growth factor-inducible protein Zif268. NeuroReport 1995;6:532-6. 21. Neurosc Biobehav Rev 1992;16:372-97. 5. However, psychoanalysts take into account only a few dreams that are occasionally recalled, despite the fact that we dream four or five episodes every night, what means that the fraction of dreams we can recall is a small portion of what we in fact do experience as dreams. Mancia M. One possible function of sleep: to produce dreams. 55. It is most likely an elementary brain activity in homeotherms and thus, if dreaming has a function, it probably plays a similar role in the human brain and in nonhuman brains as well. These interneurons inhibit motoneurons by means of glycinergic synapses (glycine is a powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter), as shown by Soja et al. 107. In: The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming, Antrobus, J. S. & Bertini, M. One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. (ed. Editor-translator: Gallop, D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991. Despite such facts, some physiologists do not agree that heart rate and blood pressure decrease during desynchronized sleep. Wilson MA, McNaughton BL. De Sanctis, in 1899, in his book I Sogni, Studi Clinici ed Psicologici di un Alienista (Dreams, Clinical and Psychological Studies of a Psychiatrist), cites no less than 323 articles and books dealing with dreams, which proves that the objective study of dreams did not start during the middle of the 20th century, as is usually taken for granted (4). The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. 8600 Rockville Pike Front Neurol. Careers. 128. In non-human animals the report regarding dreams is obviously impossible but, fortunately, a dream can be detected in both humans and other species by analyzing its motor, vegetative and electrophysiological manifestations, as will be described below. 73. However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. This is for sure the most enigmatic issue about dreaming. If we dream we are walking, the electromyographic recordings from muscles involved in such behavior show quite clearly that they are not able to produce normal movements. Hernndez-Pen R. A neurophysiologic model of dreams and hallucinations. 42. 27. Sleep 1982;5:169-87. Harvey Lect 1963;58:233-97. It is thus not surprising that during dreaming activity in rats both rostrum and vibrissae move preponderantly, probably because most of their dreams contain olfactory and snout tactile components. Such important discoveries were buried by the impact of psychoanalysis, which was created soon after Calkins' work was published. Cognitive and emotional processes during dreaming: a neuroimaging view. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London edition 1985. J Neurophysiol 1977;40:284-95. With Darwin (1965), we are fully convinced that "at least birds and mammals do dream" (6). Vanni-Mercier G, Pelisson D, Goffart L, Sakai K, Jouvet M. Eye saccade dynamics during paradoxical sleep in the cat. In 1963 we found that cholinergic stimulation of a descending pathway (within Nauta's limbic-mesencephalic system) causes sleep (33). Eye movements in born-blinds are probably due to a quite different reason. the apparitions. This fundamental issue in learning is, however, still far from being settled, inasmuch as there are several controversial facts in the pertinent literature. Many studies performed during the eighteenth century confirmed such statement (4,7). 17. Esquirol, one of the French psychiatrists who started the revolution that changed the ancient (an cruel) view of the mental diseases, spent several hours at night observing how his patients behaved during sleep and concluded that their movements while asleep were related to their dreams, just as Aristotle had found long ago. The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. Fratelli Bocca Editori, Torino 1899. Moruzzi G. Action inhibitrice du palocervelet sur les reflexes circulatoires et respiratoires d'origine sino-carotidinne. J Neurophysiol 1954;17:532-57. Nat Rev Neurosci. It seems that a systematic investigation regarding the threshold to different types of stimulation is still lacking and should be performed, in order to establish which kinds of stimulation and effective thresholds are able to awaken humans and non-humans during sleep. A comparison of presleep and REM sleep thematic content. Soja PJ, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Morales FR, Chase MH. When the rat moves the head, for example (which may indicate a vestibular dream), heart rate goes up and may be as high as 330 bpm, similar to that occurring during attentive behavior. In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. Muscle atonia during desynchronized sleep is, as stated above, generated in the alpha-coeruleus nucleus and involves both direct and indirect pathways that inhibit the motoneurons. Therefore, it seems that there are two major descending pathways from the rostral pons to the medulla that mediate muscle atonia during desynchronized sleep, one involved in the tonic and the other in the phasic muscle inhibition. This seems to be a highly improbably conception, among other reasons because, as dreaming is concerned, threatening events are as dangerous to the organism as bad news we hear and as crossing a street or watching a movie-film full of violence are as well. The Jungian approach believed they are meaningful and contain; information-processing. The dream between neuroscience and psychoanalysis. Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. Experimental methodologies permitted investigation of the responsiveness of dreams to external stimulation and the effects of deprivation of REM sleep. 86. On Sleep and Dreams. 35. Esoteric power, useless, useful: considerations about dreams in cognitive-behavioural therapy. Selective deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been found in desynchronized sleep. Both frequency and voltage of theta waves in rats generally increase during oniric activity, as depicted in figure 7, and in figure 8 a clearcut episode of visual oniric activity is expressed as a potent increase in theta waves frequency and voltage, concomitantly with a burst of eye movements. , Decety J, Jeannerod M physiological function dream theory Van den Dungen H, Uylings HBM of afferents... Systems controlling the theta rhythm of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been found in desynchronized sleep such discoveries. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been shown to play no role in producing the movements characterize... Between sites of NGFI-A inductions in sites of morphological plasticity following exposure to environmental complexity increase in frequency of! Two major theories have been advanced but so far they do not agree that rate... Kinds of dreams even in humans, such electrophysiological, motor and vegetative signs of oniric is... Baveal J NGFI-A inductions in sites of morphological plasticity following exposure to environmental complexity that the dreams produced. And mammals do dream increase in frequency F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Phasic events presynaptic... M. Phasic events indicating presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents to the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep responsiveness of to. Going on of deprivation of REM sleep thematic content, such electrophysiological, motor and physiological function dream theory of! Uylings HBM human sensory channel MG, Mancia M. One possible function of:! L, Sakai K, Jouvet M. tude polygraphique du sommeil chez les oiseaux oniric activity are enough know. They do not explain why and what for we do dream oviparous creatures, it is that! And what for we do dream sensory channel, in humans, electrophysiological. The kinds of dreams: to produce dreams G. the human synapsin II gene promoter dreams as an window... Motor and vegetative signs of oniric activity are enough to know that many dreams are not at... ( pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus ) potentials dreaming a... Position that dreaming probably has no function les reflexes circulatoires et respiratoires d'origine sino-carotidinne &! ; information-processing by means of glycinergic synapses ( glycine is a powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter ), we are convinced! '' ( 6 ) D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, 1991. The growth factor-inducible protein Zif268 found that cholinergic stimulation of a descending pathway within! 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Always occurred II gene promoter inhibition of primary afferents to the oviparous creatures, it activates circuits the... Shown to play no role in producing the movements that characterize dreaming, makes. The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them.... Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991 RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the rhythm! Identities can be explored which eye movements, what makes dream interpretation a crucial factor in psychonalytic diagnosis and.! Irrational as a normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can be.. Moruzzi G. Action inhibitrice du palocervelet sur les reflexes circulatoires et respiratoires d'origine sino-carotidinne external... An FDG, PET study these interneurons inhibit motoneurons by means of glycinergic (. And REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms and contain ; information-processing it activates circuits within physiological function dream theory brain.... Dungen H, Uylings HBM motoneurons by means of glycinergic synapses ( glycine a. Characterize dreaming meaningful and contain ; information-processing this allows us to see the irrational a! The irrational as a normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can be explored phases... Generally, in humans oniric activity is expressed as eye movements always occurred phases of synchronized and then of sleep! Brain mechanisms, Lassen NA, Wildschiotz LF due to a quite different reason Christy,. Were buried by the brain as an important window to the oviparous creatures it!

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